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Kaiser Hui von Han (汉惠帝)
Familienname:	Liú (刘)
Vorname:	Yíng (盈)
Tempelname:	An (安陵)
Postumer Titel: (vollständig)	Xiàohùi (孝惠) "pietätvoll und gütig"
Postumer Titel: (kurz)	Hùi (惠)

Kaiser Hui von Han (chin. 汉惠帝, Hàn Huìdì; * 215 v. Chr., † 188 v. Chr.), Geburtsname Liú Yíng (chin. 刘盈), herrschte als zweiter Kaiser der Westlichen Han-Dynastie von [195 v. Chr.|195]]–188 v. Chr. über China.

Er war der älteste Sohn des ersten Kaisers Gaozu und der Kaiserin Lü Zhi. Er soll ein schwache Rolle auf dem Thron unter der Kontrolle seiner Mutter gewesen sein. Han Gaozus Favoritin war Konkubine Qi, die einen Sohn namens Liu Ruyi, der klug, entschlossen und martial aussehend war, und dessen Benehmensstil dem Gaozu ähnelte, hatte.Gaozu hielt, dass Kronprinz Liu Ying unschlüssig, schwach und inkompetent sei, deswegen mochte er den Kronprinzen absetzen. Aber seine Mutter Kaiserin Lü verfolgte Zhang Liangs Strategie -- ladete die berühmten Weiser Vier Weiße des Gebirges Shang zur Unterstützung des Kronprinzen. Gaozu wurde erstaunt, und glaubte dass sein Kronprinz bereits ausgereift und stark genug sei, weil ein einfacher Mann nie in der Lage war, die vier Weiser einzuladen. Damit gab Gaozu den Gedanken, den Kronprinzen zu wechseln, auf.

Im 12. Jahre von Han Gaozu (195 v. Chr.) ist Gaozu vor der Wunde im Krieg gegen den rebellischen FürstenYing Bu gestorben. Liu Ying, damals 16 Jahre alt, erbte den Thron. Kaiser Hui führte eine wohltätige und gütige Herrschaft, nahm die Steuer ab und beförderte den Weiser Cao Can zum Premier. Während seiner Ära war die Regierung unkorrupt und die Gesellschaft blieb stabil. Aber Kaiser Hui war unentschlossen, und wurde während seiner letzten Regierungsjahren durch seine Mutter Kaiserinmutter Lü zügelt.

Nicht lange nach dem Anschauen der inhumanen Verfolgung "Mensch-Schwein" auf Konkubine Qi, starb Kaiser Hui in der Furcht und Melancholie, nur 24 Jahre alt. Er wurde im Mausoleum An begraben.

Nach dem Tod des Kaisers Hui herrschte Kaiserin Lü grausam für 8 Jahre.

[Bearbeiten] Leidende Kindesjahre

西汉的第二个皇帝就是刘邦和吕后的儿子汉惠帝刘盈，他生于公元前211年，当时还是秦始皇三十六年。汉惠帝是个年轻的皇帝，在十六岁的时候就继承了皇位，但他也是个短命的皇帝，仅仅七年就去世了。这和他的母亲吕后有直接的关系，就象萧何和韩信一样，登基做皇帝是母亲吕后的功劳，但最后英年早逝也和母亲的所作所为有极其重要的关系。

在刘盈小时候，父亲刘邦还是一个小小的亭长，不可能使他过那种贵族的生活，所以，他和母亲以及姐姐要经常到地里干活。后来，父亲反抗秦朝，他和母亲、姐姐也就处于一种颠沛流离的生活之中，后来母亲和爷爷被楚军抓去，他和姐姐在和父亲一起逃跑时还被心狠的父亲几次推下车去，以便父亲能跑得快一点。刘邦的属下夏侯婴抱怨刘邦不该这样对待自己的亲生骨肉，下车又将他们姐弟抱上了车。直到后来他们姐弟被送到了关中，才在战略后方过上了安宁的生活。

到了刘邦消灭了项羽的势力，取得楚汉战争的胜利后，就立刘盈为太子，这时的刘盈才刚刚九岁，童年的苦难终于没有白受。不过，在他走向皇位的过程中也有过风险，但在母亲吕后的努力下，他还是很顺利地登上了皇帝的宝座。

刘盈因为文静，外表也显得没有刘邦那样英武的所谓帝王之气，所以刘邦不太喜欢他，而是喜欢他宠爱的戚夫人所生的儿子如意，想把刘盈废掉，立如意做太子。但在众人的反对下，刘邦只好作罢，但是刘盈的太子地位却时刻受到了威胁。

刘盈当时还是个孩子，对此不会有什么感觉。他的母亲吕后却不是一般的人物，为了以后的权势，他开始行动了。这时，有人建议他找足智多谋的张良讨个主意。张良建议他找刘邦极为尊敬的"四皓"，他们肯定会帮助她说服刘邦的。吕后依计行事，"四皓"果然起了重要作用。在平定淮南王英布反叛时，是"四皓"设法让刘邦收回成命，不再让刘盈领兵去镇压。等刘邦平定英布的叛乱回来后，因为伤痛病倒了，这使他又动了更换太子的意念。张良的劝谏没有起作用，其他的人也没有让刘邦改变主意，最后还是"四皓"以行动说服了刘邦：在一次宴会时，已经有八十高龄的"四皓"陪同着太子刘盈入席，这使刘邦很惊讶，觉得太子已经成熟了，再重立太子恐怕会导致政局混乱。此后，刘盈的太子地位基本稳定了。

不久，刘邦病死，刘盈顺利地继承了皇位，这时他刚十六岁。

[Bearbeiten] Wohltätige Politische Maßnahmen

Nach der Krönung, verfolgte Kaiser Hui die Politik seines Vaters, und bekam die Unterstützung der erfahrenen Höflinge seines Vaters. Deswegen hatte er während seiner nur 7-jährigen Herrschaft kaum Frustrationen.

惠帝的措施可以从经济、文化等方面体现出来。

首先，在经济方面，惠帝继续推行刘邦时的与民休息政策，在他刚即位时，便下诏书恢复了原来实行过的十五税一的政策。因为刘邦在位时，为了对内平定叛乱，对外迎击匈奴，所以增加了一些赋税，等惠帝时，内乱已经平定，匈奴也因为和亲政策不再骚扰边境，所以，惠帝便取消了增加的赋税，重新恢复了十五税一。后来，惠帝又鼓励农民努力耕作，对于有成绩的农民还免除其徭役。为了促使人口增加，惠帝还下令督促民间女子及早出嫁。如果女子到了十五岁还不出嫁，就要征收五倍的算赋。算赋是一种成人的人头税，每人交一百二十钱，即为一算。对于原来限制商人的政策，惠帝也大大放松，以促进商业的发展，增加国家收入。

惠帝的这些措施使西汉初年的经济继续健康地向前发展。

其次，在文化方面，惠帝也进行了有益的改革。他在公元前191年，将"挟书律"废除。"挟书律"是在秦始皇在进行焚书时实行的一项法令，除了允许官府有关部门可以藏书外，民间一律禁止私自藏书。西汉王朝初期，制度基本上是继承秦朝，"挟书律"也不例外。惠帝很有魄力地废除了这一法令，这使得长期受到压抑的儒家思想和其他思想都开始活跃起来，为儒家被汉武帝确定为国家的统治思想提供了前提条件。

惠帝在很短的皇帝生涯中，还完成了长安城的全面整修。刘邦在位时仅修了长乐宫和未央宫，城墙没有修成。当时西汉和外界的交往日益增多，长安城的国都形象急需完善。于是惠帝决定整修长安城，在公元前194年正式开工，到前190年完工。整修后的长安城在当时的世界上也是很有名的，除了罗马城外，没有再和长安相媲美的城市了。长安城共十二座城门，每面城墙有三座，每个城门又分成了三个门道，右边的为入城道，左边的是出城道，中间的则是专门供皇帝用的。

[Bearbeiten] Tod nach der Irritation

惠帝本来应该和后来的文帝和景帝一样应该有更大的作为，但因为母亲吕后，他还是过早地去世了。

一是皇后的选定。惠帝在做太子时因为年纪太小，所以没有娶太子妃。等他做了皇帝，便由母亲吕后选了张氏为皇后，但张氏是惠帝的亲外甥女，按照现在的观念和法律，是典型的近亲结婚，但当时还是流行这种亲上加亲式的婚姻的。后来，因为张氏长时间没有生育，吕后便又自作主张，叫张氏对外说自己已经怀孕，然后将一个宫中美人生的儿子据为己有，并立为太子，其生身母亲却被吕后杀死了。

惠帝的早死最重要的原因是母亲吕后的残忍。在刘邦活着的时候，因为宠幸很多的后宫姬妾，冷落了吕后。这使吕后非常嫉恨，等刘邦死了，自己当了太后，便对以前的姬妾们进行迫害，有时竟达到了丧心病狂的地步。对于原来曾威胁惠帝太子地位的戚夫人，吕后的报复让她自己进入了遗臭万年的行列：先是让人拔光戚夫人的头发（当时男子剃掉头发都是一种侮辱的刑罚，对女子就更是一种极重的侮辱了），然后戴着枷做舂米的重体力劳动。这还不够，吕后又残忍地将戚夫人的四肢砍断，挖去眼睛，熏聋双耳，灌药使她变成了哑巴，最后扔到了茅房，叫做"人彘"（即像猪的人）。为除掉后患，吕后还将戚夫人的儿子赵王如意骗到长安用毒酒杀死。吕后的歹毒听来都让人长时间难以消除那种恐怖的感觉。

生性仁慈、心地善良的惠帝，在看到那个"人彘"并知道是戚夫人后，受到极大刺激，痛哭不止，此后便生病了，长达一年之久。惠帝也不再上朝处理政务，每天就是饮酒作乐，迷恋后宫。其实，他是在用这种方式来驱散心中那种无法驱散的恐怖。

在公元前188年，即汉惠帝七年，年仅二十三的惠帝去世，谥号"孝惠"，"孝"意即孝子善于继承父亲的事业。此后，汉朝皇帝的谥号中都有一个"孝"字，只有东汉的光武帝刘秀因为是中兴之主而例外。惠帝死后葬在安陵，在现在西安附近。

[Bearbeiten] Englische Version

gutmütig, gutherzig, freizügig aber

Bösartigkeit, Grausamkeit

personally kind and generous but unable to escape the impact of her viciousness. He tried to protect Ruyi, Prince Yin of Zhao, his younger brother, from being murdered by Empress Dowager Lü, but failed. After that he indulged himself in drinking and women and died at a relatively young age. Empress Dowager Lü installed two of his sons, Liu Gong and Liu Hong (known collectively as Emperors Shao of Han), the sons of Emperor's concubine(s) after he died without a designated heir. Emperor Hui's wife was Empress Zhang Yan (張嫣), a niece of his by his sister Princess Luyuan; their marriage was the result of insistence by Empress Dowager Lü and was a childless one.

[Bearbeiten] Early life and years as crown prince

How Liu Ying's childhood was like is not completely clear. What is known is that he was not his father Liu Bang's oldest son -- that would be Liu Fei, who would later be created the Prince of Qi. However, Liu Ying was considered to be the proper heir because his mother, the later Empress Lü, was Liu Bang's wife, while Liu Fei's mother was either a concubine or a mistress.

What is also known is that during Chu Han Contention, when Liu Bang fought a five-year war with Xiang Yu for supremacy over the Chinese world, his mother, his sister, and he did not initially follow his father to the Principality of Han (modern Sichuan, Chongqing, and southern Shaanxi); rather, they stayed in his father's home territory, perhaps in his home town of Pei (沛縣, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) deep in Xiang's Principality of Western Chu, presumably with his grandfather Liu Zhijia.

In 205 BC, Liu Bang appeared to be near total victory, having captured Xiang's capital of Pengcheng (彭城, also in modern Xuzhou). How his family received this news was unclear, but a few months later, when Xiang responded and crushed Liu's forces, Liu fled and, in his flight, attempted to pass through his home town to take his family with him. He was able to find his children and carry them along with him, but his father and wife were captured by Xiang's forces and kept as hostages -- and would not be returned to him until Liu and Xiang temporarily made peace in 203 BC. The then-very young Liu Ying must have then spent these days not knowing what the eventual fate of his grandfather and mother would be.

After Liu Bang's victory and self-declaration as the emperor (later known as Emperor Gao), thus establishing the Han Dynasty, in 202 BC, he created his wife empress and Liu Ying, as his proper heir, crown prince. As crown prince, Prince Ying was considered to be kind and tolerant, characteristics that Emperor Gao did not like. Rather, he favored his young son Liu Ruyi, whom he considered to be more like him and whose mother, Consort Qi, was his favorite concubine. With the support of the officials, however, Prince Ying's status as heir survived despite Consort Qi's machinations.

As crown prince, Prince Ying, along with his mother, would be the ones who would rule on important matters at the capital in his father's absence during various campaigns, and he appeared to carry out these tasks out competently but without distinction. When Ying Bu rebelled in 196 BC, Emperor Gao was ill and considered sending Prince Ying as the commander of the forces against Ying Bu rather than campaigning himself, but at the suggestion of Empress Lü (who averred that the generals, who were generally Emperor Gao's old friends, might not fully obey the young prince), went on the campaign himself. Prince Ying was instead put in charge of home territories around the capital Chang'an, assisted by Confucian scholar Shusun Tong (叔孫通) and strategist Zhang Liang (張良). He again appeared to carry out the tasks competently but without distinction.

Prince Ying succeeded to the throne of Han when his father died in 195 BC from complications of an arrow wound suffered during the campaign against Ying Bu.

[Bearbeiten] Reign as emperor

Immediately upon Prince Ying's ascension to the throne as Emperor Hui, Empress Lü, now empress dowager, became the effective lead figure in his administration. She wanted to carry out a plot of revenge against Consort Qi and her son Ruyi. She first arrested Consort Qi and put her in prison garbs (shaved head, confined by stock, and wearing red clothes). She then summoned Liu Ruyi to the capital -- an attempt that was initially resisted by Ruyi's chief of staff Zhou Chang (周昌), whom she respected because he was one of the officials who insisted on Liu Ying being the rightful heir. Instead of directly moving against Zhou and Liu Ruyi, though, Lü circumvented Zhou by first summoning him to the capital, and then summoning Liu Ruyi.

Emperor Hui tried to save Liu Ruyi's life. Before Liu Ruyi could get to the capital, Emperor Hui intercepted his young brother at Bashang (霸上, in modern Xi'an) and received Liu Ruyi into his palace, and they dined together and slept together. Empress Dowager Lü wanted to kill Liu Ruyi, but was afraid that any attempt might also harm her own son, and therefore could not carry out her plot for several months.

Empress Dowager Lü got her chance in winter 195 BC. One morning, Emperor Hui was out hunting and wanted to take Liu Ruyi with him. The young prince was then only 12 years old and refused to get up from bed, and Emperor Hui left for the hunt on his own. Empress Dowager Lü heard this and immediately sent an assassin into the emperor's palace to force poisoned wine down the prince's throat. By the time that Emperor Hui returned, his brother was dead. She then tortured Consort Qi inhumanely, and Consort Qi would die from the torture. When Emperor Hui saw Consort Qi in her tortured state, he cried outloud and became ill for about a year, complaining to his mother that he felt that he could no longer govern the empire, given that he, as the emperor, could not even protect the concubine and son so loved by his father. From that point on, Emperor Hui indulged himself with wine and women and no longer made key governing decisions, leaving them to his mother.

Emperor Hui, however, continued to try to protect his siblings. In winter of 194 BC, when Liu Fei, Prince of Qi -- his older brother -- made an official visit to the capital, they both attended a feast put on by Empress Dowager Lü. Emperor Hui, honoring the prince as an older brother, asked him to sit in a seat at the table even more honored than his own. The empress dowager was greatly offended and instructed her servants to pour a cup of poisoned wine for Liu Fei and then toasted him. As Liu Fei was about to drink the poisoned wine, however, Emperor Hui, realizing what was happening, grabbed the cup as if he was able to drink it himself. Empress Dowager Lü immediately jumped up and slapped at the cup, spilling it. Liu Fei was able to get out of the situation by offering an entire commandery from his principality to Princess Luyuan as her realm. Empress Dowager Lü, who greatly loved her daughter as well, became pleased and let Liu Fei return to his principality.

Emperor Hui died in the autumn of 188 BC of an unspecified illness.

[Bearbeiten] Marriage and children

In winter 192 BC, Emperor Hui married Empress Zhang, a marriage that would not yield any children. However, whether Emperor Hui actually had children during or before his reign is a controversial question. The officials, including Chen Ping (陳平) and Zhou Bo (周勃), who would later overthrow the Lü clan after the deaths of both Emperor Hui and Empress Dowager Lü, claimed that Emperor Hui had no sons -- but that Empress Zhang, at Empress Dowager Lü's instigation, stolen eight boys from other people, put their mothers to death, and made the children her own. Modern historians have splits of opinion on the issue, but largely believe that the boys were actually Emperor Hui's sons by concubines and that Empress Zhang did indeed put their mothers to death and make them her own children. (As, for example, Bo Yang pointed out, it would be logically incongruent, if Empress Zhang did steal these children from elsewhere, for her to put only the mothers but not the fathers to death.) Under this theory, the officials denied the imperial ancestry of these children in fear of the fact that they were also therefore descendants of Empress Dowager Lü and her clan, and therefore might avenge the slaughter of the Lü clan -- a reason that they themselves admitted. Except for Liu Gong (who was deposed and executed by Empress Dowager Lü), the other children either died young by natural causes or were executed by the officials after they made Liu Heng, the Prince of Dai (Emperor Wen) the emperor. These were the children, by order of their first chronological appearance in Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian:

Liu Gong (刘恭), the Crown Prince, later Emperor Qianshao, executed by Empress Dowager Lü in 184 BC
Liu Shan (刘山), later renamed Liu Yi (刘義), later re-renamed Liu Hong (刘弘), initially created Marquess of Xiangcheng and later created the Prince of Hengshan (the first name change might have been required by this creation, as it is considered inappropriate in ancient China to have one's name (or one's male ancestors' names) share characters with one's titles), later Emperor Houshao, executed by the officials in 180 BC in the aftermaths of the Lü Clan Disturbance
Liu Chao (刘朝), initially created the Marquess of Zhi and later created the Prince of Hengshan, executed by the officials in 180 BC
Liu Wu (刘武), initially created the Marquess of Huguan and later created the Prince of Huaiyang, executed by the officials in 180 BC
Liu Jiang (刘疆), the Prince of Huaiyang, died in 183 BC of unspecifed natural causes
Liu Buyi (刘不疑), the Prince of Hengshan, died in 186 BC of unspecified natural causes
Liu Tai (刘太), initially created the Marquess of Changping and later created the Prince of Jichuan, executed by the officials in 180 BC

One can perhaps analogize these princes to the English "Princes in the Tower" -- innocent children who were the victim of dynastic infighting and their own bloodlines.