Caracalla

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Caracalla
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Reign	209 - February 4, 211 (with Severus & Geta); February - December 211 (with Geta); December 211 - 8 April 217 (alone)
Full name	Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla
Born	April 4, 186
	Lugdunum
Died	April 8, 217
	Near Harran
Predecessor	Septimius Severus (alone)
Successor	Macrinus
Wife/wives	Fulvia Plautilla
Dynasty	Severan
Father	Septimius Severus
Mother	Julia Domna

Roman imperial dynasties
Severan dynasty

The Severan Tondo
Septimius Severus alone
Children
Geta
Caracalla
Septimius Severus, with Geta and Caracalla
Geta and Caracalla
Caracalla alone
Interlude, Macrinus
Elagabalus
Children
Alexander Severus, adoptive
Alexander Severus

Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217.

Contents 1 Life 1.1 Rise to power 1.2 Fall 2 Source of his nickname 3 Mythical king of Britain 4 See also 5 External links

[edit] Life

Caracalla was the son of the later Emperor Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. He was born in Lugdunum, Gaul, and his full name at birth was Lucius Septimius Bassianus, which was changed to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus at the age of seven, to solidify connection to the family of Marcus Aurelius. He was later given the nickname Caracalla, which referred to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore and which he made fashionable. He is generally considered among the most depraved and psychopathic of Roman emperors.

[edit] Rise to power

Severus, who had taken the imperial throne in 193, died in 211 while visiting Eboracum (York), and Caracalla was proclaimed co-emperor with his brother Publius Septimius Antoninius Geta. Caracalla, however, wanted to be the sole ruler. He had Geta, his own father in law Gaius Fulvius Plautianus and wife Fulvia Plautilla assassinated. He persecuted Geta's supporters and ordered a damnatio memoriae against his brother. When the inhabitants of Alexandria heard Caracalla's claims that he had killed Geta in self-defense, they produced a satire mocking this claim, as well as Caracalla's other pretensions. Caracalla responded to this insult savagely in 215 by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had unsuspectingly assembled before the city to greet his arrival, then unleashed his troops for several days of looting and plunder of Alexandria. According to historian Cassius Dio, over 20,000 people were killed.

During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the pay of an average legionnaire to 675 denarii and lavished many benefits on the army, as instructed by his father Septimius Severus who had told him to always mind the soldiers and ignore everyone else.

Three things stand out from his reign: the edict of 212 (Constitutio Antoniniana) granting Roman citizenship to freemen throughout the Roman Empire in order to increase taxation; debasing the silver content in Roman coinage by 25% in order to pay the legions their bounties; and the construction of a large thermae outside Rome, the remains of which, known as the Baths of Caracalla, can still be seen.

[edit] Fall

Caracalla had effectively become a military dictator, and was consequently very unpopular except with the soldiers. Ironically while travelling from Edessa to begin a war with Parthia, he was assassinated while urinating at a roadside near Harran on April 8, 217 by Julius Martialis, an officer in the imperial bodyguard. Herodian says that Martialis' brother had been executed a few days earlier by Caracalla on an unproven charge; Cassius Dio, on the other hand, says that Martialis was resentful at not being promoted to the rank of centurion. The escort of the emperor gave him privacy to relieve himself, and Martialis ran forward and killed Caracalla with a single sword stroke. He immediately fled on horseback, but was killed by a bodyguard archer. Caracalla was succeeded by the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard, Macrinus who almost certainly was part of the conspiracy against the emperor.

[edit] Source of his nickname

The cognomen Caracalla refers to a sort of Oriental cloak that the emperor, who was of Syrian origin on his mothers line, affected to wear during his reign. The Aramaic or Syriac kərākā refers to a short-sleeved loose mantle which is still used in Arab countries under the name karaka(t).^{[citations needed]}

[edit] Mythical king of Britain

Geoffrey of Monmouth lists Caracalla, as Bassianus in the Historia Regum Britanniae, as one of the kings of Britain following the death of Geta. This is partially true as Geta was well liked in the west when he was killed, and Caracalla probably exerted his power over the Britons harshly. In this account, Caracalla is listed as a half-brother of Geta through a Briton mother. This claim is highly criticized by historians. The text goes on to say that a general named Carausius was given ships to defend the British coastline and instead he rose up and defeated Caracalla; although it never states that Caracalla was killed in this battle, it does say that Caracalla fled from it. After this, Roman rule weakened considerably in Britain until it was fully restored by the Caesar Constantius Chlorus.

[edit] See also

• Severan dynasty family tree

[edit] External links

• Media on Caracalla in the Wikicommons.
• Life of Caracalla (Historia Augusta at LacusCurtius: Latin text and English translation)

Preceded by Septimius Severus	Roman Emperor 211 – 217 with Septimius Severus (197 – 211) and Geta (208 – 211)	Succeeded by Macrinus
Preceded by Septimius Severus	Severan Dynasty 208 – 211 with Septimius Severus and Geta Feb – Decenber 211 with Geta December 211 – 217 alone	Succeeded by Alexander Severus

Persondata
NAME	Caracalla
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Lucius Septimius Bassianus; Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Roman emperor
DATE OF BIRTH	4 April 186
PLACE OF BIRTH	Lugdunum, Gaul
DATE OF DEATH	near Harran
PLACE OF DEATH	8 April 217