紐西蘭教育

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紐西蘭教育基本上從小學到中學都是名義上免費的。不過，有些學校可能會要求學生家長向學校捐款，而這些捐款都被稱為“家長捐獻”。這種捐獻雖然可視作學費的一部份，但由於並非正式的收入，因此只可以算是學校的營運基金，而不是學校向學生收取的費用。在海外學生比較多的社區，由於家長普遍比較富有，他們也能夠對學校作出更多的捐獻，所以他們的營運基金也較雄厚，從而可以作出更多的翻新及改善。相反的，本地學生比較多的學校，相對可用的捐獻較少，所以也顯得比較殘舊。這可以算是紐西蘭學校的一種奇怪的特色。

[编辑] Educational institutions

[编辑] 學前教育

在紐西蘭，幼童都有機會接受學前教育，而不少家長都樂意把孩子送往幼稚園或托兒中心。在紐西蘭的學前教育機構大致可以分成以下三類：

幼稚園或遊樂中心 (3-5歲幼童)
持牌學前教育中心 (Licensed Early Childhood Centres，0-5歲幼童，通常都是私人開辦)
特許學前教育中心 (Chartered Early Childhood Centres，0-5歲幼童，通常都是國營)

[编辑] 基礎教育

在紐西蘭，國家為所有6-16歲的學生提供強迫中學及小學教育。不過，一般民眾都在幼童5歲時把他們送往小學就讀。一般來說，在隨後的13年，他們都會一直在學校讀書，直到完成第13級(Year 13)課程為止。

過去紐西蘭的學校都分作Primary School、Intermediate School及Secondary School。當中，Primary School佔6年(Year 1-Year 6)，Intermediate School佔2年(Year 7-Year 8)，Secondary School佔4年(Year 9-12，亦有學校提供Year 13)。Intermediate School一般當作小學教育，而非其他國家一般當作中學處理。在本地的小學教育，學生不用考試，而只需要於每個學期透過製作專題研究而進行學習評估。到了中學，才接受為期四年的密集式公開試生涯。不過，為與國外教育銜接，以及為使學生更早適應考試生涯，不少Intermediate School都開始與Secondary School合併，讓學生提早在Year 7習慣考試。

紐西蘭的學校分成三類：國營、私營(或註冊)及綜合型學校。國營學校的經費完全來自政府資助；而私營學校則完全沒有資助。綜合型的學校是根據1975年通過的《有條件綜合私營學校條例 (1975年)》[1]而與國營教育系統“綜合”起來的私營學校，“用於保障某部份具教育特色的學校得以繼續經營下去”。

[编辑] 在學年期

正如前段所述，紐西蘭由於教育改革的緣故，從過去英式的中、小學模式慢慢轉變成美加的模式。隨着模式的轉變，稱呼亦有所不同。Before this, a system of Forms, Standards and Juniors was used, and still is used at some schools. Many independent schools still use them.

The years are numbered from 1 to 13. Primary school goes up to year 6, intermediate school finishes at year 8 and secondary school is the remaining five years of schooling.

Under the old system of Forms, Standards and Juniors, there were two Junior years followed by four Standard years in primary school, followed by seven Forms. Forms 1 and 2 were in intermediate school and the remaining five were in secondary school. A summarized table of old to new system conversions is below:

學年	學校	舊制
1	Primary	Junior 1
2	Primary	Junior 2
3	Primary	Standard 1
4	Primary	Standard 2
5	Primary	Standard 3
6	Primary	Standard 4
7	Intermediate	Form 1
8	Intermediate	Form 2
9	Secondary	Form 3
10	Secondary	Form 4
11	Secondary	Form 5
12	Secondary	Form 6
13	Secondary	Form 7

[编辑] Types of schools

Most schools cater for either primary, intermediate or secondary school students:

Years 1 - 6: Primary School (Ages 5 - 10)
Years 7 - 8: Intermediate School (Ages 11 - 12)
Years 9 - 13: Secondary School (Ages 13 - 17)

However, some schools cater for students across two or more of these groups. These are rarer than schools which teach the groups above. Area schools are generally found in rural areas, where there are not enough students to run three separate schools productively. A list of these types of schools, and the years they cater for, is below.

Years 1 - 8: Full Primary School (Ages 5 - 12)
Years 7 - 10: Middle School (Ages 11-14)
Years 7 - 13: Intermediate/Secondary School (Ages 11 - 17)
Years 1 - 13: Area schools (Ages 5 - 17)
Preschool - Year 13: The Correspondence School (Preschool - Age 17)

[编辑] Secondary qualifications

The current national secondary school qualification is the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA). Most students will sit examinations and internal assessments under this system over the last three years of secondary school. NCEA has three levels, one for each of the last three years of secondary school.

Some schools, which refused to accept NCEA as a new qualification in 2002, decided instead to offer overseas examinations, namely the General Certificate of Education, General Certificate of Secondary Education and the International Baccalaureate Diploma. The most common board for the GCE exams is the Cambridge International Examinations Board. For these exams, O-level is sat in year 11, AS-level in year 12 and A-level in year 13.

Secondary school qualifications have gone through several changes over the past few decades:

1986 - NZ University Entrance Examination (Year 12) abolished, and replaced with the Sixth Form Certificate. Entrance Certificate now only awarded those who marginally failed to win a University Bursary. Bursars (University Bursary) and Scholars (Entrance Scholarship) unaffected since they won higher awards. A private external examination called the Sixth Form External Examination was founded for those who wished not to enter for the Sixth Form Certificate.
1989 - NZ University Entrance Scholarships Examination (Year 13) abolished and Entrance Scholarships now awarded to the top 3-4% of Bursars. A private scholarships examination (later to be called the NZEST Scholarships Examination) was founded for those who wished to be examined separately at the old University Scholarship level.
2002 to 2004 - School Certificate, Sixth Form Certificate and NZ University Bursary gradually replaced by NCEA.
2004 - NZ University Entrance Scholarships replaced by the New Zealand Scholarship Examination. The Higher School Certificate abolished.

[编辑] 高等教育

There are several branches of tertiary education in New Zealand.

For non-private institutions, see also: state sector organisations in New Zealand

[编辑] 教育學院 (師範學院)

以下詳列的幾家學院，都是紐西蘭現時或過去存在的教育學院：

奧克蘭教育學院 (位於北島北部的奧克蘭市)
惠靈頓教育學院 (位於北島南部的惠靈頓)
基督城教育學院 (位於南島北部的基督城)
但尼丁教育學院 (位於南島南部的但尼丁)

參看： State sector organisations in New Zealand (current list)

在過去30年間，原有的師範學院合併成為教育學院，例如：奧克蘭教育學院本身就是由大奧克蘭的至少五家師範學院合併而成。而在這15年間，這些教育學院又再與當地的大學合併。例如：漢默爾頓教育學院與懷卡托大學合併、北帕教育學院又與梅西大學合併。又例如：奧克蘭教育學院已在2004年中與原奧克蘭大學的教育學系合併，成為奧克蘭大學旗下的教育學院(Faculty of Education)。在2005年，惠靈頓教育學院亦與惠靈頓維多利亞大學合併，成為旗下的教育學系。在2005年終，只有基督城及但尼丁的教育學院仍然保持獨立個體。

[编辑] 理工學院

For a list of polytechnics, see: state sector organisations in New Zealand

[编辑] 私立訓練學校

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[编辑] Wānanga

See Wananga
for a list of wānanga, see: state sector organisations in New Zealand

[编辑] 大學

參看：紐西蘭大學列表

以下各家大學，除了奧克蘭科技大學及懷卡托大學以外，其餘各家大學本來都是紐西蘭大學在各地的大學學院。

[编辑] 資金來源

[编辑] For tertiary education

Funding for tertiary education in New Zealand is through a combination of government subsidies and student fees. The government funds approved courses by a tuition grant based on the number of enrolled students in each course and the amount of study time each course requires. Courses are rated on an equivalent full-time Student (EFTS) basis. Students enrolled in courses can access Student Loans and Student Allowances to assist with fees and living costs.

[编辑] 学生贷款

拥有纽西兰永久居留权的居民可以使用政府所提供的学生贷款，这些贷款一般将会包括所有的学习费用，另外也可以就学习期间的生活费用进行贷款。若是拥有纽西兰永久居留权的全职学生，政府还提供学生津贴。在学生完成学业并且找到工作之后，政府将在其每月的工资中按比例扣除贷款并记取年利息直至还清为止。

不少人认为这种制度导致了大量毕业学生流向海外以逃避偿还贷款。在新西兰工党历史性的取得三次连任之后，总理海伦·克拉克宣布将于2006年取消所有学生贷款的利息，条件是学生毕业之后必须留在纽西兰。

学生津贴是不需要偿还的政府补助。每位学生所获得的津贴是根据他们不同家庭情况，例如年龄，地区，子女，伴侣等等因素来计算的。

Funding for Tertiary Institutions has been criticised recently due to high fees and funding not keeping pace with costs or inflation. Some also point out that high fees are leading to skills shortages in New Zealand as high costs discourage participation and graduating students seek well paying jobs off shore to pay for their student loans debts. As a result, education funding has been undergoing an ongoing review in recent years.

[编辑] 參看

紐西蘭小學
紐西蘭中學
各國教育
New Zealand Qualifications Authority

[编辑] 外部連結

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