Wikipedia:简约的风格
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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本页被视为英文维基百科的一项指引，供中文维基百科参考。本指引以英文原文为准，所阐明的标准或行为，为许多维基编者原则接受。但本指导并非正式方针。本页的中文翻译尚未全部完成或未达成共识。除翻译外，请不要更改本指引。如果翻译完成，请在本页的讨论页讨论本指引是否可以成为中文维基百科的指引。 |
随着大家的努力，维基条目的的注解将更多更详尽。但是它不可能无限制的增长，否则会导致阅读上的困难和其他的一些问题。因此我们必须对其进行更进一步的整理，去掉内容重复或不相干的信息。但是某些信息不能够轻易去掉，我们要尊重参与者的劳动，不能打击成员的积极性。同时为了条目更为明晰和详尽，我们可以合理的建立新的子条目，将部分信息放入相关子条目中。
The length of a given Wikipedia entry tends to grow as people add information to it. This cannot go on forever: very long entries would cause problems. So we must move information out of entries periodically. This information should not be removed from Wikipedia: that would defeat the purpose of the contributions. So we must create new entries to hold the excised information.
This style of organizing articles is somewhat related to news style except it focuses on topics instead of articles. The idea is to summarize and distribute information across related articles in a way that can serve readers who want varying amounts of detail. Thus giving readers the ability to zoom to the level of detail they need and not exhausting those who need a primer on a whole topic.
This is more helpful to the reader than a very long article that just keeps growing, eventually reaching book-length. Summary style is accomplished by not overwhelming the reader with too much text up front by summarizing main points and going into more detail on particular points (sub-topics) in separate articles. What constitutes 'too long' is largely based on the topic, but generally 30KB of prose is the starting point where articles may be considered too long. Articles that go above this have a burden of proof that extra text is needed to efficiently cover its topic and that the extra reading time is justified.
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[编辑] Rationale
[编辑] Levels of desired details
Since Wikipedia is not divided into a macropaedia, micropaedia, and concise versions like Encyclopaedia Britannica is, we must serve all three user types in the same encyclopedia. Summary style is based on the premise that information about a topic should not all be contained in a single article since different readers have different needs;
- many readers need just a quick summary of the topic's most important points (lead section),
- others need a moderate amount of info on the topic's more important points (a set of multi-paragraph sections), and
- some readers need a lot of detail on one or more aspects of the topic (links to full-sized separate articles).
We must serve all groups.
The top or survey article should have general summary information and the more detailed summaries of each subtopic should be in daughter articles and in articles on specific subjects. This can be thought of as layering inverted pyramids where the reader is shown the tip of a pyramid (the lead section) for a topic and within that article any section may have a {{main|<subpage name>}} or similar link to a full article on the topic summarized in that section (see Yosemite National Park#History and History of the Yosemite area for an example using two featured articles). The summary in a section at the survey article will necessarily be at least (if not more than) twice as long as the lead section in the daughter article. The daughter article in turn can also serve as a survey article for its specific part of the topic. And so on until a topic is very thoroughly covered. Thus by navigational choices several different types of readers get the amount of detail they want.
[编辑] Size
Articles larger than 30 KB (those that trigger page size warning) may be getting too long to efficiently cover their topic. This likelihood increases with larger size and it is very rare for an article 50% larger than this to still efficiently cover its topic.
That said: it is generally considered to be a bad idea to divide an article too hastily. Often the best way to divide an article is to let it grow and then look for sections that could logically be summarized and spun off so the article once again efficiently covers its topic. Interwiki links, along with external links, further reading, references, see also and similar sections should not be counted toward an article's total size since the point is to limit readable prose in the main body of an article.
Articles longer than 12 to 15 printed pages (more than 30 to 35 KB of readable text) take longer to read than the upper limit of the average adult's attention span—20 minutes. An important consideration is that attention span is lower for children, below average intelligence adults, and all those with attention deficit disorders (groups we would like to serve as well).[1] [2] [3] Compounding this is that many of these groups also have a slower reading speed. Once the attention span limit is approached, most readers will start to lose focus and retention of the information begins to become significantly hampered. All but the most determined readers will quit reading once this starts to happen so going over this needs to be justified by the topic.
When articles grow significantly past this amount of readable text, a plan to break-up the article to improve readability and ease of editing should be explored. See Wikipedia:Article size. Longer sections should be spun off into their own articles and a several paragraph summary should be left in its place. That way our content is useful to those people who just want a quick overview and to those people who want more detail. Both groups win. Also, long articles are less editable and less readable than a more compact treatment.
There are also technical issues with editing articles over 30KB that often lead to duplicated information and poor structure. Few editors will read an entire 50 or 70KB article just to make sure a piece of info they want to put in is not already there. The result is that the information is misplaced, duplicated, or not put in at all.
[编辑] Characteristics
| World War II
World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world ... 1 Causes
The war reparations demanded of Germany after World War I ... 2 Prelude to War
Resentment of the victorious powers' treatment of the Weimar Republic in the aftermath of World War I... 3 European Theatre
The German Wehrmacht invaded Poland on September 1 ... 4 The Pacific War
The Japanese had already invaded China before World War II started in Europe ... |
Wikipedia entries tend to grow in a way which lends itself to the natural creation of new entries. The text of any entry consists of a sequence of related but distinct subtopics. When there is enough text in a given subtopic to merit its own entry, that text can be excised from the present entry and replaced by a link.
Longer articles are split into sections, each about several good-sized paragraphs long. Subsectioning can increase this amount. Ideally many of those sections will eventually provide summaries of separate articles on the subtopic covered in that section (a Main article or similar link would be below the section title—see Template:Main.) Each article on each subtopic, as well as the main article have lead sections that are concise encyclopedic article in their own right.
As a rule, subarticles do not trigger a page size warning, although it is not uncommon for this rule to be broken since the point is to limit readable text, not markup, and sometimes markup may push a page above 32 KB.
Sections that are less important for understanding the topic will tend to be lower in the article (this is news style applied to sections). Often this is difficult to do for articles on history or that are otherwise chronologically based unless there is some type of analysis section. Organizing in this way is important due to the fact that many readers will not finish reading the article.
[编辑] Other recommendations and specifics
[编辑] Lead section
For the planned paper Wikipedia 1.0, one consensus recommendation is that the paper version of articles will be the lead section of the web version. Summary style and news style can help make a concise intro that works stand-alone.
[编辑] Avoidance of POV splits
"Summary style" is a technique that is recommended to avoid POV splitting of articles, see: wikipedia:content forking#Article spinouts - "Summary style" articles.
Where an article is long, and has lots of subtopics with their own articles, try to balance parts of the main page. Do not put overdue weight into one part of an article at the cost of other parts. In shorter articles, if one subtopic has much more text than another subtopic, that may be an indication that that subtopic should have its own page, with only a summary presented on the main page.
[编辑] Naming conventions for subarticles
Subarticles of a "Summary style" article are one of a few instances where an exception to the common names principle for article naming is sometimes acceptable, see wikipedia:naming conventions (common names)#Subsidiary articles.
Nonetheless, also for the subarticles, always choose the simplest article name that is in accordance with wikipedia:naming conventions (precision).
[编辑] Sub-article navigation
Unless all sub-articles of a "Summary style" article are truly compliant to the common names principle, it is a good idea to provide a navigational template to connect the subarticles among themselves, and with the "Summary style" main article.
Example of such navigational template, used on subarticles of the "Isaac Newton" article: {{IsaacNewtonSegments}}
[编辑] Citations and external links
- 关于此话题更进一步的细节，參見wikipedia:cite sources。
"Summary style" is an excellent technique to give more structure to very long lists of references: for example the "World War II" summary style article portrayed above could have a reference list of sources that treat the history of World War II as a whole, while the sub-articles are provided with references that treat the specifics of each of these subtopics, e.g. books on World War II in the Pacific region are used as reference in the Pacific War article, etc...
There is no need to repeat all specific references for the subtopics in the main "Summary style" article: the "Summary style" article summarizes the content of each of the subtopics, without need to give detailed references for each of them in the main article: these detailed references can be found in the subarticles. The "Summary style" article only contains the main references that apply to that article as a whole.
External links relevant to the subtopic should go in the subtopic article and not the main article.
[编辑] See also
- Wikipedia:Content forking
- Wikipedia:Naming conventions (common names)#Subsidiary articles
- Wikipedia:Article series
- Wikipedia:Article size
- Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles
- Wikipedia:Naming conventions (long lists)
- Special:Longpages
