Velodrome

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Bicycle racing on a velodrome

A velodrome is a sporting arena purpose-built for track cycling.

Modern velodromes feature steeply banked oval tracks, consisting of two nearly 180-degree circular bends connected by two straights. The straights transition to the circular turn through a moderate easement curve.

Banking in the turns is called superelevation. It allows riders to keep their bikes relatively perpendicular to the surface while riding a curve at high speed. When travelling through the turns at typical racing speeds, which may reach upwards of 60 kph, the slope of the superelevation attempts to match the natural lean of a bicycle moving through that curve. Thereby, the centripetal acceleration of the combined inertia of bicycle and rider moving in the curved path balances with the gravitation force pulling them towards the earth resulting in little sideways "skidding" force on the tires and good pedal clearance.

Of course, riders are not always traveling at full speed or at a specific radius. Most events have riders all over the track. Races such as the Madison will have riders both racing at high speed, and resting at low speed. In match sprints riders may stop completely. For these reasons, the banking in the turns tends to be 10 to 15 degrees less than what physics might predict. Also, the straightaways are banked 10 to 15 degrees more than what physics would predict. These compromises make the track ridable on its entire surface at a wide range of speeds.

From the straightaway, the curvature of the track increases gradually into the circular turn. This section of decreasing radius is called the easement spiral. It allows the bicycles to naturally follow the track around the corner at a constant radial position. Thus, the the riders can concentrate on matters such as race tactics rather than steering their bicycles significantly. In addition, special track bikes are commonly used on velodromes in place of traditional road-racing bikes. Track bikes differ mainly in that they do not use multiple gears and derailleurs (shifters) or brakes. They employ a fixed rear gear, or cog, that does not freewheel. This helps to maximize speed, keep weight to a minimum, and also allows some braking as the rider resists the rotation of the wheels directly through the cranks and pedals.

Velodromes are calculated and constructed by specialised designers. The Schuermann dynasty of architects (Germany) are considered to be the foremost designers of traditional velodromes with more than 125 tracks worldwide. Most of Schuermann's tracks are made of wood trusswork with a surface made with strips of the rare rain-forest wood Afzelia. Modern designers have been moving away from the traditional materials used by Schuermann. The 1996 Atlanta Olympics saw the introduction of a new generation of tracks made with synthetic surfaces supported by precision steel frames. These new designs use CAD techniques to increase performance and lower cost.

The track length is measured on a special line 20 cm up from the inside of the track. Olympic standard velodromes are minimum 250 metres in circumference. Other velodromes can range from 150 m to 500 m, although 250 metres is the most popular and the length used in all major events. The velodrome at Calshot Spit, Hampshire, UK is unusually short at only 142 m because it was built to fit into an existing disused aircraft hangar, and has notoriously steep banking. The length of the track multiplied by a round number of laps or half laps should result in 1.000 m. Many older tracks were built around the outside of athletics tracks or other sports grounds and any banking on these was usually quite shallow. The smaller the track the steeper the banking. A 250 m track would bank in a range around 45°, while a 333 m track would bank in a range around 32°. Velodrome tracks can be surfaced with many different materials, ranging from wood, to synthetics, to concrete. Shorter, newer, and Olympic quality tracks tend to be surfaced with wood or synthetics; Longer, older, or inexpensive tracks are concrete, macadam, or even cinder, as in the Little 500.

Track markings

All tracks must have a standard set of markings. Between the infield and the actual track there is the blue band (also called "côte d'azur") that is typically 60 cm wide. The blue band is not an official part of the track. Although it is not technically illegal to ride on the blue band, moving into this space in an attempt to make a "shortcut" under another rider will result in disqualification. During time trials, pursuits, or other timed events, the blue band is usually obstructed with sponges or other objects that discourage riding. 20 cm above the end of the blue band is the black measurement line. The inner edge of this 4 cm wide line defines the length of the track. 90 cm above the inside of the track is the outside of the 4 cm wide red sprinter's line. The zone between the black and red lines is the optimum route around the track. A rider leading in this zone cannot be passed on the inside; other riders must always pass on the longer outside route. Minimum 250 cm (or half the track width) above inside of the track is the blue stayers' line. This line serves in stayer races (races behind pacemaker-motorbikes) as a separation line. Stayer-riders riding below the blue stayer line may not be overtaken on the inside. In Madison races (named after six-day races at Madison Square Garden in New York) the released team rider "rests", riding slowly above the blue line until his teammate comes around the track and pushes him back into the race.

The finish line is black on white and situated towards the end of the home straight. Red pursuit lines are marked in exactly the middle of each straight as start and finish line for pursuit races. A white 200 m line markes the distance of 200 m until the finish line.

Velodromes may be built either indoors or outdoors. In the heyday of velodrome racing (1890 -- 1920) indoor tracks were common. When hosting 6 day races, these venues were popular places for revelers and urban sophisticates to congregate in the early morning hours after the bars had closed. Indoor tracks are not affected by weather and therefore are more comfortable for spectators. They also ride smoother and last longer. Despite the advantages of indoor tracks, outdoor velodromes are much more common, as an outdoor venue does not require the added expense of a building, making them much more affordable, especially when new. Today, although many classic indoor tracks have long ago been torn out of buildings and replaced by venues for other more popular sports, velodromes are still sometimes built into indoor venues, particularly in regions where the popularity of bike track racing can generate enough revenue to cover the added expense of dedicating a building to such a sport.

A velodrome will usually be among the facilities constructed for major events such as the Olympics or Commonwealth Games.

[edit] List of velodromes

(outdoor, unless otherwise stated)

[edit] Australia

Dunc Gray Velodrome, Sydney, (indoor)
Adelaide Superdrome, Adelaide, (indoor)
Joe Ciavola Velodrome, Melbourne, (indoor)
Brunswick Cycling Club, Melbourne, (outdoor)
Carnigie, Melbourne, (outdoor)
Blackburne Cycling Club, Melbourne, (outdoor)
Chelsea & Peninsula Cycling Club, Melbourne, (outdoor)
Coburg Cycling Club, Melbourne, (outdoor)
Preston Cycling Club, Melbourne, (outdoor)
Perth Superdrome, Perth, (indoor)

[edit] Austria

Ferry-Dusika-Hallenstadion, Vienna, (indoor)

[edit] Belgium

Blaarmeersen, Gent, (covered)
"Kuipke", Gent (indoor)
Antwerps Sportpaleis, Antwerpen, (indoor)

[edit] Canada

Burnaby Velodrome, Burnaby, British Columbia (indoor)
Juan de Fuca, Colwood, British Columbia
Forest City Velodrome, London, Ontario (indoor)
Glenmore Velodrome, Calgary, Alberta
The Stade Olympique in Montreal also housed a velodrome, but after the Olympics it was converted into a nature museum.
Vélodrome Caisse Populaire de Dieppe, Dieppe, New Brunswick (indoor)
Bromont Velodrome, Bromont, Quebec (outdoor)

[edit] China

Laoshan Velodrome, Beijing (for 2008 Summer Olympics)

[edit] Denmark

Ballerup Arena, Copenhagen, (indoor)

[edit] Dominican Republic

Santo Domingo

[edit] Finland

Helsinki

[edit] France

Parc des Princes, Paris 1897 to 1967. Finish of the Tour de France.
Velodrome du Lac, Bordeaux
Stade de Glace, Grenoble
Roubaix Site of the finish of the spring classic Paris-Roubaix
Bois de Vincennes, Paris

[edit] Germany

RSG, Augsburg, (indoor)
Schoeneberg, Berlin
Velodrom, Berlin, (indoor)
Bielefeld
NRW-Leistungszentrum, Kaarst-Büttgen, (indoor)
Stadthalle, Bremen, (indoor)
Chemnitz
Cottbus
VCD, Darmstadt
"Badewanne", Dudenhofen
Westfalenhalle, Dortmund, (indoor)
Gera
Stellingen, Hamburg, (covered)
Wuelfel, Hannover
Radstadion, Köln, (semi-covered)
Rosch-Kampfbahn, Leipzig
Mannheim
Olympiahalle, München, (indoor)
Reichelsdorfer Keller, Nürnberg
Oberhausen/Baden
Leistungszentrum BW, Oeschelbronn
Rostock
"Schanzenberg-Bahn", Saarbrücken
Schopp
Singen/Hohentwiel
Solingen
Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle, Stuttgart, (indoor)

[edit] Greece

Olympic Velodrome (Athens) (indoor)

[edit] Hungary

Millenáris (Millenarian) Sports Yard, Budapest

[edit] Malaysia

Velodrome Rakyat, Ipoh
Kuala Lumpur Velodrome, Kuala Lumpur

[edit] The Netherlands

Velodrome Amsterdam
Sportpaleis Alkmaar

[edit] Spain

Velòdrom D'Horta (1992 Olympic Games), Barcelona
Carabanchel, Madrid,
Anoeta, San Sebastian, (indoor)
Velodromo Luis Puig, Valencia, (indoor)
San Moix, Palma de Mallorca

[edit] Switzerland

Oerlikon,Zurich
CMC World training Center, Union Cycliste Internationale, Aigle
Queue d'Arve, Geneva

[edit] United Kingdom

[edit] United States of America

There are 22 tracks in the United States, including:

ADT Event Center in Carson, California (indoor track constructed in 2004)
Alkek Velodrome in Houston, Texas
Alpenrose Velodrome in Portland, Oregon
Baton Rouge Velodrome in Baton Rouge
Brian Piccolo Park Velodrome in Cooper City, Florida
Dick Lane Velodrome in East Point, Georgia
Ed Rudolph Velodrome in Northbrook, Illinois
Encino Velodrome in Encino, California
Group Health Velodrome in Marymoor Park, Redmond, Washington
Hellyer Park Velodrome in San Jose, California
Kissena Park Velodrome in Queens, New York
Lehigh Valley Velodrome in Trexlertown, Pennsylvania
Major Taylor Velodrome in Indianapolis, Indiana
Mellowdrome in Asheville, North Carolina
Mike Walden Velodrome in Rochester Hills, Michigan
National Sports Center Velodrome in Blaine, Minnesota
San Diego Velodrome in San Diego, California
7-Eleven Velodrome in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Superdrome in Frisco, Texas
Washington Park Velodrome in Kenosha, Wisconsin

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../v/e/l/Velodrome.html"

Category: Velodromes