TWOC
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
TWOC is an acronym standing for Taken Without Owner's Consent. A synonym is TDA: Taken and Driven Away. TWOC derives from the wording of s12 Theft Act 1968 and it has become the official term used by the police in the United Kingdom to describe any unauthorised use of a car or other conveyance. Since the taking need not involve an intention to permanently deprive the owner of the car, it is easier to prove than theft. The term came to prominence with a sharp rise in car crime in the mid-1990s.
In police slang usage, twoc became a verb, with twoccing and twoccers used respectively to describe car theft and those who perpetrate it: these usages subsequently filtered into general British slang.
Contents |
[edit] Discussion
Any unauthorised taking of a car is likely to cause distress and can cause significant inconvenience to the owner and his or her family, so this is an offence covering an everyday crime, yet one that often involves genuine emotions of personal invasion. Nevertheless, it is a summary offence defined under s12(1) Theft Act 1968:
- ...a person shall be guilty of an offence if, without having the consent of the owner or other lawful authority, he takes any conveyance for his own or another's use, or knowing that any conveyance has been taken without such authority, drives it or allows himself to be carried in or on it".
Adopting the standard s1 definition of theft would require a dishonest appropriation of the conveyance with intent to permanently deprive the owner. There will therefore be little difficulty in prosecuting as theft situations where the stolen car is later sold (sometimes through a process of 'ringing' i.e. its identity is changed and forged documents of title produced) or broken for spare parts, because the evidence of an intent permanently to deprive is clear. But the twoccing situation usually describes joyriding where all that is intended is an unauthorised use for a short period of time. Alternatively, it covers situations where a vehicle is taken for the purposes of another offence, e.g. it is to be used to escape after a bank robbery and then abandoned. This offence is an alternative verdict, see lesser included offence, under s12(4) which provides:
- if the jury are not satisfied that the accused committed theft, but it is proved that the accused committed an offence under sub-section 1, the jury may find him guilty of the offence under sub-section 1.
[edit] The elements of the offence
[edit] Taking
There must be some positive movement of the vehicle. Simply rolling it forwards or backwards a few metres is not sufficient but, equally, it is not necessary that the engine be started. Releasing the brake and allowing the vehicle to run down a hill would be sufficient, as would driving the vehicle for a short distance. During the taking, the vehicle must be used to carry one or more people so that it is being used as "a conveyance". The taking may also be a material unauthorised use. For example, if a person hires a car to drive from London to Birmingham, but actually drives it to Glasgow, that will be a taking.
[edit] A conveyance
To be a conveyance, the vehicle must have been constructed or adapted to carry a driver (and others, depending on the design) whether by land, water or air (so it includes a hovercraft). The taking of a pedal cycle or the riding of pedal cycle, knowing it to have been taken without the owner's consent is excluded from s12(1), but covered by s12(5) with reduced penalties.
[edit] Without the consent of the owner
If the vehicle is taken with the owner's knowledge, the owner has not consented. But apparent consent can be ignored if it was obtained by a deception, e.g. giving a false identity when hiring a car. This overlaps with the s15 offence of obtaining property or services by deception. Taking by force may be robbery when the defendant did not intend the victim to recover the car at all or so seriously damaged that it amounts to a theft (see s6). If the evidence is insufficient for theft, the alternative charges are aggravated vehicle taking or blackmail under s21. Note that s12(7) protects the interests of people hiring or buying under a hire purchase agreement by deeming them to be the owner for the purposes of s12.
[edit] Mens rea
The defendant must know that the vehicle has been taken without the owner's consent, and that the accused has either driven the vehicle or been a passenger.
[edit] Statutory Defence
This is a statutory version of the so-called claim of right defence which represents an exception to the general rule that ignorantia juris non excusat, i.e. a limited mistake of law defence. Thus, s12(6) allows a defence where the defendant believes that he has the lawful authority to do it or that he would have the owner's consent if the owner knew of his doing it and the circumstances of it. So, for example, if a vehicle was moved a short distance because it was causing an obstruction, those moving it might reasonably believe that they have lawful authority to remove the obstruction.
[edit] Attempt
Because s12 is a summary only offence, there can be no attempt, so anticipatory acts are an offence of vehicle interference contrary to s9 Criminal Attempts Act 1981. The defendant must interfere with the vehicle or a trailer or anything in or on it. Merely touching the vehicle would not be enough. There must be some positive effort made to enter or affect it.
[edit] Aggravated taking
This is committed if a person commits an offence under section 12(1) of the 1968 Act in relation to a mechanically propelled vehicle and it is proved that at any time after the vehicle was unlawfully taken (whether by that person or another) and before it was recovered, the vehicle was driven, or death, injury or damage was caused, in one or more the circumstances listed in s12A(2):
- (a) that the vehicle was driven dangerously on a road or other public place;
- (b) that, owing to the driving of the vehicle, an accident occurred by which injury was caused to any person;
- (c) that, owing to the driving of the vehicle, an accident occurred by which damage was caused to any property, other than the vehicle;
- (d) that damage was caused to the vehicle.
There are two offences: under s12A(2)(b) where an accident results in the death of another (maximum 14 year sentence), and the less serious version under the other three headings (maximum two years sentence). In R v Marcus Leon Ashley Forbes (2005) EWCA Crim 2069, the defendant was seen to take a car and then engaged in a high-speed car chase with the police. The judge at first instance described the defendant as a menace, having driven in ways that could so easily have killed wholly innocent road users while disqualified, while released on licence having been convicted of other aggravated TWOC offences, and while "out of his head" on ecstasy. He had a long track record of convictions. The judge imposed the maximum consecutive sentences for aggravated taking and driving while disqualified. According to R v March (2002) 2 Cr. App. R. (S) 448, credit should be given for a guilty plea and Forbes felt a keen sense of injustice that he had been given the maximum sentence. The Court of Appeal confirmed the consecutive element of the sentence but felt that there was no overwhelming public policy justification for awarding the maximum sentence. Accordingly, a reduction was made to 22 months' detention in a young offender institution.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Allen, Michael. Textbook on Criminal Law. Oxford University Press: Oxford. (2005) ISBN 0-19-927918-7.
- Criminal Law Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977
- Griew, Edward. Theft Acts 1968 & 1978, Sweet & Maxwell: London. ISBN 0-421-19960-1
- Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan Criminal Law, LexisNexis: London. (2005) ISBN 0-406-97730-5
- Smith, J. C. Law of Theft, LexisNexis: London. (1997) ISBN 0-406-89545-7
