Secret identity

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For other uses, see Secret identity (disambiguation).

A secret identity is the practice of hiding a person's identity so the actual identity of the person is not known or suspected.

Legal uses of secret identity include people placed under witness protection programs to protect witnesses in criminal trials from retaliation from the criminal organizations they inform against. Law enforcement and intelligence agents often use secret identities in undercover operations in order to infiltrate criminal or foreign organizations for the purposes of investigations. Entertainers like professional wrestlers sometimes hide their identities beyond simple ring names in order create an appealing mystique for the audience.

Writers also often use pseudonyms in order to hide their identity. In some cases, such as with James Tiptree, Jr, the writer will use a pseudonym because the image required by the genre does not match the writer's actual identity. In the case of Richard Bachman, Stephen King wanted to know whether his writing as an "unknown" writer would get as much interest as his non-pseudonym work. Finally, a writer who produces several independent series of works featuring different recurring characters (such as John Creasey) or who writes in different genres or styles (such as Nora Roberts) may use different names for each one.

In politics, the assumption of a secret identity is sometimes used to avoid adverse political consequences of an identity being publicized. Famous secret identities in politics include Deep Throat, the initially unnamed source for Watergate information and X, who wrote a famous essay outlining the United States policy of containment.

On the Internet, an alias or nickname is often used for privacy and abbreviation. (See also Internet friendship and Sherry Turkle's academic work.)

Secret identities of real people include:

James Tiptree, Jr (Alice Sheldon)
Richard Bachman (Stephen King)
X (George F. Kennan)
Chris Gaines (Garth Brooks)
"Anonymous" (Joe Klein), the author of Primary Colors
Deep Throat (W. Mark Felt), the Watergate informant
Publius (Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay), the authors of the Federalist Papers
The Residents
The Guerilla Girls
Slipknot
Dietrich Knickerbocker (Washington Irving)
The Aquabats!

[edit] Secret identities in fiction

In fiction, secret identities are typical elements of crimefighters, vigilantes and superheroes who hide their identities both to preserve a private life and protect their loved ones from retaliation from their enemies.

Early examples of the secret identity include The Scarlet Pimpernel and Zorro.

The genre with which secret identities are most associated is the American comic book. Superman is generally considered to be the first modern day superhero (while not quite the first costumed crimefighter) and his alter-ego, mild mannered reporter Clark Kent, helped popularize the secret identity throughout the medium, while sparking several trademark superhero clichés. These included the adoption of a timid persona for an everyday identity, wearing of the heroic costume beneath the character's everyday clothes, and the phrase "this looks like a job for..." when switching between identities.

As costumed crimefighters fell out of fashion in the years following World War II, comic book and pulp fiction writers increasingly relied on 'shock value' stories (most of which would be resolved as being mere daydreams or other such 'imaginary stories') to prop up flagging sales. One gimmick frequently employed was a cover or opening splash panel which promised the final exposing of a hero or heroine's secret identity. But by the time the comic book entered its renaissance in the 1960's, the secret identity was either used more intelligently (as with Spider-Man) or not used at all (as with the Fantastic Four). Recent times have continued this trend, with the secret identity no longer having the same level of prominence nor function as in the early days of the superhero genre.

The artistic purpose of the secret identity on the part of the writers is that it allows the characters to have ordinary lives which can allow for human drama as well as create tension with the effort needed to preserve the secret. This can include challenges such as throwing off the suspicions of associates who suspect and the need to quickly improvise means to get out of sight to change identities. It has also been argued that some superhuman characters benefit from an 'everyman' aspect to their makeup, giving them a link to their audience. A prime example being early comic book superhero Captain Marvel, whose secret identity was a mere schoolboy named Billy Batson - a deliberate attempt to play on the daydreams of a young readership. The same can be said for Peter Parker, Spider-Man's luckless teenage alter-ego.

A costumed crimefighter might refer to their alternate identity as their "nom de guerre" ( literally, "name of war," an alternate usage of a French term for a pen name, "nom de plume"). More than one supervillain has been punnishly referred to as having a "nom du crime".

The secret identities can be multi-layered; for example, Superman, The Shadow and Moon Knight all have real names, adopted identities and crimefighting codenames. Sometimes the distinction as to which identity is the "real" one is blurred; it has been said that Clark Kent pretends to be Superman, while Batman pretends to be Bruce Wayne rather than vice versa.

Famous fictional characters with secret identities include:

Prince Adam - Secret identity of He-Man
Princess Adora - Secret identity of She-Ra
Kent Allard, Lamont Cranston - Secret identities of The Shadow
Billy Batson - Secret identity of Captain Marvel
Sir Percy Blakeney - Secret identity of The Scarlet Pimpernel
Shoeshine Boy - Secret identity of Underdog
Carol Danvers - Secret identity of Ms. Marvel
Don Diego De La Vega - Secret identity of Zorro
Conan Edogawa - secret identity of Jimmy Kudo/Shin'ichi Kudo
Jay Garrick, Barry Allen, Wally West - Secret identities of different incarnations of The Flash, although all eventually became public
Dick Grayson, Jason Todd, Tim Drake, Stephanie Brown, Carrie Kelly - Secret identities of different incarnations of Robin
Kimberly, Trini, Jason, Zack, Billy, and Tommy - Secret identities of the original Power Rangers
Betty Kane, Barbara Gordon, Cassandra Cain - Secret identities of different incarnations of Batgirl
Ralph Hinkley - Secret identity of The Greatest American Hero
Stella Anne Johnson - Secret identity of Eyren Wind "Mutant Angels"
Erotica Jones - Secret identity of Stripperella
Superman - Secret identity of Clark Kent
Selina Kyle, Holly Robinson - Secret identities of Catwoman
Linda Lee, Linda Danvers, Kara Kent - Secret identities of Supergirl
The Count of Monte Cristo - Secret identity of Edmond Dantès
Matt Murdock - Secret identity of Daredevil
Peter Parker - Secret identity of Spider-Man
Diana Prince - Secret identity of Wonder Woman
Britt Reid - Secret identity of The Green Hornet
John Reid - Secret identity of The Lone Ranger
Steve Rogers, John Walker - Secret identities of Captain America
Alan Scott, Hal Jordan, John Stewart, Guy Gardner, Kyle Rayner - Secret identities of the various Green Lanterns
Tony Stark, James Rhodes - Secret identities of Iron Man
Usagi Tsukino - Secret identity of Sailor Moon. All major protagonists in Sailor Moon have secret identities patterned as "Sailor (Planet name)", except for the male protagonist Mamoru Chiba, who has the codename Tuxedo Mask.
Eric Twinge - Secret identity of Bananaman
Kit Walker - Secret identity of The Phantom
Bruce Wayne - Secret identity of Batman
David Webb - Secret identity of Jason Bourne