Lois scélérates
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The lois scélérates is the pejorative name for a set of French laws restricting the 1881 freedom of the press laws passed under the Third Republic (1870-1940), after several bombings and assassination attempts carried on by anarchist proponents of "propaganda of the deed". The first law was voted on December 11, 1893, two days after Auguste Vaillant's bombing at the National Assembly on December 9, 1893 (one person injured). It condemned apology of any crime as a crime, which permitted the state to repress most of the anarchist press. The second one was voted on December 18, 1893, and allowed to condemn any person directly or indirectly involved in a propaganda of the deed act, even if no killing was effectively carried on. The last one condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist propaganda (and, by extension, socialist libertarians present or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA):
"1. Either by provocation or by apology... [anyone who has] encouraged one or several persons in committing either a stealing, or the crimes of murder, looting or arson...; 2. Or has addressed a provocation to military from the Army or the Navy, in the aim of diverting them from their military duties and the obedience due to their chiefs... will be deferred before courts and punished by a prison sentence of three months to two years. [1]
Thus, free speech and encouraging propaganda of the deed or antimilitarism was severely restricted. Some people were condemned to prison for rejoicing themselves of the 1894 murder of French president Sadi Carnot by an Italian terrorist anarchist.
The term has since entered popular language to design any harsh or injust laws, in particular anti-terrorism legislation which often broadly represses the whole of the social movements.
[edit] References
- ^ (French) "1. Soit par provocation, soit par apologie [...] incité une ou plusieurs personnes à commettre soit un vol, soit les crimes de meurtre, de pillage, d’incendie [...] ; 2. Ou adressé une provocation à des militaires des armées de terre et de mer, dans le but de les détourner de leurs devoirs militaires et de l’obéissance qu’ils doivent à leurs chefs [...] serait déféré aux tribunaux de police correctionnelle et puni d’un emprisonnement de trois mois à deux ans." See fr:Troisième République
[edit] See also
- Anti-terrorism legislation
- Anti-Socialist Laws passed in Germany in 1878
- French Third Republic (1870-1940)
- Propaganda of the deed
