Present |
Infinitive |
Past perfect |
Passive perfect participle |
Meaning |
Derivation |
labōrō |
labōrāre |
laborāvī |
labōrātum |
"to work (hard), toil, be worried/concerned about" |
labor, laboratory |
laudō |
laudāre |
laudāvī |
laudātum |
"to praise, name, quote, eulogize" |
< laus, laudis "praise, fame" laud, laudable, laudation, laudative, laudatory |
lavō |
(lavāre OR lavěre) |
lavāvī |
(lavātum, lautum, OR lōtum) |
"to wash, bathe, moisten, wet, wash away" |
(lavěre became luěre in prefixed compound verbs. see abluō & luō) ablution, alluvion, colluvium, deluge, dilute, eluent, elute, eluvium, launder, lavabo, lavage, lavatory, lave, lavish, loment, lotion |
lěgo |
lěgěre |
lēgī |
lectus |
"to collect, gather, read, recite" |
coil, collect, diligent, elect, florilegium, intellect, intelligent, lectern, lection, lecture, legend, legible, legion, lesson, neglect, prelect, sacrilege, select, sortilege |
līberō |
līberāre |
liberāvī |
līberātum |
"to (set) free (from), pay for" |
< liber (adj.) "free" + -are (verbal suffix) deliberate, deliver, liberal, liberate, libertine, liberty, livery |
linquō |
linquěre |
līquī |
|
"to leave (alone), forsake" |
(no direct English derivatives, but see relinquō) |
lūcō |
lūcēre |
lūxī |
|
"to shine" |
< lux, lucis "light" or simply from same root. elucidate, lucent, lucid, lucidity, noctiluca, pellucid, relucent, translucent |
lūdō |
lūdēre |
lūsī |
lūsum |
"to play, mimic, deceive" |
allude, allusion, collude, collusion, delude, delusion, elude, illusion, interlude, ludic, ludicrous, prelude, prolusion |
luō |
luěre |
luī |
|
"to wash" |
(no direct English derivatives, but see lavō) |
Present |
Infinitive |
Past perfect |
Passive perfect participle |
Meaning |
Derivation |
pāreō |
pārēre |
pāruī |
pāritum |
"to obey" |
(no English derivatives) |
parō |
parāre |
parāvī |
parātum |
"to make/get ready, furnish, get, procure" |
rampart, repair, separate, sever, several |
pellō |
pellěre |
pepulī |
pulsus |
"to push, strike, thrust, rouse, repel" |
appeal, compel, compellation, dispel, expel, impel, impulse, peal, pelt, poussette, pulsate, pulse, propel, push, rappel, repeal, repel |
perdō |
perdere |
perdidī |
perditum |
"to lose, waste, destroy" |
< per- + dō |
perficiō |
perficere |
perfēcī |
perfectum |
"to carry out, complete" |
< com- + faciō |
perveniō |
pervenīre |
pervēnī |
perventus |
"to arrive, reach" |
< per- + veniō |
petō |
petěre |
(petīvī OR petīī) |
petītus |
"to seek, pursue, strive for, ask for, attack" |
appetite, compete, impetigo, impetuous, impetus, perpetual, -petal, petition, petulant, repeat |
placeō |
placēre |
placuī |
placitum |
"to please, satisfy, seem right" |
complacent, placebo, placid, plea, plead, pleasant, please |
plicō |
plicāre |
plicāvī |
plicātum |
"to fold, wind, coil up" |
accomplice, apply, complicate, complice, complicity, deploy, display, employ, explicate, explicit, exploit, implicate, implicit, plait, pleat, pliant, plica, plicate, plight, plissé, ply, replicate, reply, splay [2] |
pōnō |
pōněre |
posuī |
pos(i)tus |
"to put, set, place, lay, build, found" |
composition, compost, compote, compound, contrapposto, depone, deposit, dispose, exponent, expose, expound, impose, impost, impost, interpose, juxtapose, oppose, position, positive, post, post, postiche, posture, preposition, propose, provost, punt, reposit, suppose, transpose |
portendō |
portenděre |
portentī |
portentus |
"to indicate, foretell, portend" |
< por (variant of pro-) + tendō |
portō |
portāre |
portāvī |
portātum |
"to carry" |
comport, deport, export, import, important, port, portable, portage, portamento, portative, porter, portfolio, purport, rapport, report, sport, support, transport |
poscō |
poscere |
poposcī |
|
"to demand" |
(no English derivatives) |
possum |
posse |
potuī |
|
"to be able, be powerful" |
impotent, omnipotent, possible, potent, prepotent |
praetereō |
praeterīre |
praeteriī |
prateritus |
"to go past, pass" |
< praeter "beyond" comparative of pr(a)e "before" + eō |
prōcēdō |
prōcēdere |
prōcessī |
prōcessum |
|
< pro- + cedō |
prōmittō |
prōmitter |
promīsī |
prōmissum |
"to promise" |
< pro- + mittō |
prōvideō |
prōvidēre |
provīsī |
prōvīsum |
"to foresee, to provide/guard (for/against)" |
< pro- + videō |
pugnō |
pugnāre |
pugnāvī |
pugnātum |
"to punch, to fight, oppose, struggle with" |
< pugnus "fist" or simply from the same root. impugn, oppugn, poniard, pugilism, pugil stick, pugnacious, repugn |
pungō |
pungěre |
(pupungī OR pepungī) |
punctus |
"to prick, sting, dent, bite, stab" |
point, pointillism, pontil, pounce, pounce, punch, puncheon, punctilio, punctual, punctuate, puncture, pungent, spontoon, trapunto |
Present |
Infinitive |
Past perfect |
Passive perfect participle |
Meaning |
Derivation |
rapiō |
rapere |
rapuī |
raptum |
"to take, snatch, seize, steal" |
erepsin, rapacious, rape, rapid, rapine, rapt, rapture, ravage, raven, ravin, ravish, subreption, surreptitious |
recitō |
recitāre |
recitāvī |
recitātum |
"to read alod, recite" |
< re- + citus, the passive perfect participle of cieō |
reddō |
reddīre |
reddidī |
redditum |
"to give back, return (to somewhere)" |
< re(d)- + dō |
redeō |
redīre |
rediī |
reditum |
"to go back, return" |
(no English derivatives) < re(d)- + eō |
referō |
referre |
rettulī |
relātum |
"to bring back, report" |
< re- + ferō |
regō |
regěre |
rexī |
rectus |
"to straighten, keep straight, guide (morally), command, rule, govern" |
address, adroit, alert, correct, direct, erect, incorrigible, {{insurgent]], insurrection, porrect, realm, rectangle, rectify, rectilinear, rectitude, recto, rector, rectum, rectus, regent, regime, regimen, regiment, region, resurge, Risorgimento, sord, source, surge |
relinquō |
relinquere |
relīquī |
relictum |
"to leave behind" |
< re- + linquō delinquent, derelict, relic, relinquish |
repellō |
repellere |
reppulī |
repulsum |
"to drive/push back, repel" |
< re- + pellō |
resistō |
resistere |
resistī |
resistum |
"to resist" |
< re- + sistō |
respondeō |
respondēre |
respondī |
responsum |
"to respond, call back, promise back" |
< re- + spondeō |
retineo |
retinēre |
retinuī |
retentum |
"to hold back, retain" |
< re- + teneō |
rideō |
ridere |
rīsī |
rīsum |
"to laugh (at), ridicule" |
deride, derision, derisive, ridicule, ridiculous, risible |
rogō |
rogāre |
rogāvī |
rogātum |
"to ask (for)" |
abrogate, arrogant, arrogate, corvée, derogate, interrogate, prerogative, prorogue, rogation, rogatory, subrogate, supererogate |
rumpō |
rumpere |
rūpī |
ruptum |
"to burst, break" |
abrupt, bankrupt, corrupt, disrupt, erupt, interrupt, irrupt, rout, rupicolous, rupture |
ruō |
ruere |
ruī |
ruātus |
"to rush" |
(no English derivatives) |
Present |
Infinitive |
Past perfect |
Passive perfect participle |
Meaning |
Derivation |
salūtō |
salūtāre |
salutāvī |
salūtātum |
"to greet, wish well to, welcome, hail (as)" |
<salūs "health, whole/sound condition" salubrious, salutary, salutation, salute |
scandō |
scanděre |
scandī |
|
"to climb, scale, mount" |
ascendency, condescend, descend, scan, scandent, scansion, scansorial, scantling, transcend |
scribō |
scribere |
scrīpsī |
scrīptum |
"to write" |
ascribe, circumscribe, conscript, describe, festschrift, inscribe, manuscript, postscript, prescribe, proscribe, rescript, scribble, scribe, script, scriptorium, Scripture, serif, shrive, subscribe, superscribe, transcribe |
sedeō |
seděre |
sēdī |
sessum |
"to sit, settle (down), hold court, stay fixed, preside" |
assess, assiduous, assize, dissident, insessorial, insidious, obsess, possess, preside, reside, séance, sedentary, sederunt, sedile, sediment, sessile, session, sewer, siege, subsidy, supersede, surcease |
serviō |
servīre |
servīī |
servītum |
"to serve, be a slave, comply with, conform to" |
< servus "slave" (possibly from Etruscan) (see servō for derivatives) |
servō |
servāre |
servāvī |
servātum |
"to serve, preserve, keep, watch over" |
< servus "slave" (possibly from Etruscan) conservation, conserve, deserve, preservation, preserve, reservation, reserve, servant, serve, service, servile |
sinō |
sinere |
sī(v)ī |
situm |
"to allow" |
(no English derivatives) |
sistō |
sistěre |
(stitī OR stetī) |
status |
"stand, cause to stand, put, set (up)" |
< stō or simply from same root assist, consist, desist, exist, insist, interstice, persist, resist, subsist |
solvō |
solvere |
solvī |
solūtus |
"to loosen, untie, cast off" |
absolute, absolve, assoil, dissolve, resolute, resolve, soluble, solute, solution, solve]] |
speciō |
specěre |
spexī |
spectus |
"to look at" |
aspect, circumspect, conspicuous, despise, expect, frontispiece, inspect, introspect, perspective, perspicacious, prospect, respect, respite, retrospect, specimen, spectacle, spectrum, speculate, speculum, spice, spiegeleisen, suspect, transpicuous |
spectō |
spectāre |
spectāvī |
spectātum |
"to look at" |
< spectus, the passive perfect participle of speciō |
spērō |
spērāre |
spērāvī |
spērātum |
"to hope (for), expect, look forward to, trust" |
despair, desperate, esperance, Esperanto, prosper |
spondeō |
spondēre |
spopondī |
sponsus |
"to promise, pledge, vow, vouch (for)" |
despond, despondent, espouse, respond, sponsor, spouse |
statuō |
statuěre |
statuī |
statūtum |
"plan, erect, build i.e. cause to stand" |
causative formed from the passive perfect participle of stō |
stō |
stāre |
stetī |
statum |
"to stand, last, endure" |
arrest, circumstance, constant, constitute, contrast, cost, destitute, distant, establish, estancia, extant, instant, institute, obstacle, obstetric, oust, prostitute, rest, restharrow, restitute, restive, stable, stage, stance, stanch, stanchion, stanza, state, statistics, stative, stator, statue, stature, status, statute, stay, stet, substance, substitute, superstition |
studeō |
studēre |
studuī |
|
"to be eager, keen on, apply oneself, study" |
etui, student, studio, studious |
succurrō |
succere |
succurrī |
succursus |
"to run to help, succor" |
< sub- + currō |
sum |
esse |
fuī |
futūrus |
"to be, exist, belong/pertain to" (from principal part 2)- |
abessive, absent, adessive, entity, essence, essive, improve, inessive, interest, ossia, present, proud, quintessence, represent, stover (from principal part 4)- future |
sūmō |
sūměre |
sumpsī |
sumptus |
"take (up), put on, consume, borrow adopt" |
< sus(e)mere (unattested) < sub- + emō assume, consume, presume, resume, subsume, sumptuary, sumptuous |
superō |
superāre |
superāvī |
superātum |
"to overcome" |
< super- + -are (verbal suffix) (no English derivatives) |
surgō |
surgere |
surrēxī |
surrēctum |
"to rise up, surge" |
< sub- + regō |
Present |
Infinitive |
Past perfect |
Passive perfect participle |
Meaning |
Derivation |
taceō |
tacēre |
tacuī |
tacitum |
"to be silent" |
tacit, taciturn |
temptō |
temptāre |
temptāvī |
temptātum |
"to test, feel, attempt, try" |
attempt, tempt, temptation |
tendō |
tenděre |
tetendī |
(tentus OR tensus) |
"to stretch (out), hold out, strain, aim" |
< or simply from same base as tenēre (See teneō) attend, contend, detent, distend, extend, intend, ostensible, ostentation, portend, pretend, subtend, tend, tender, tense, tent |
teneō |
tenēre |
tenuī |
tentus |
"to hold (tight), detain, keep, grasp, comprehend," |
abstain, contain, continue, detain, entertain, lieutenant, maintain, obtain, pertain, pertinacious, rein, retain, retinaculum, retinue, sustain, tenable, tenacious, tenaculum, tenant, tenement, tenet, tenon, tenor, tenure, tenuto |
timēo |
timēre |
timuī |
|
"to fear, be fearful" |
intimidate, timid, timidity, timorous |
tollō |
tollere |
sustulī |
sublātum |
"to raise" |
(from principle parts 1 & 2) extol (for principal parts 3 & 4 see ferō) |
trādō |
trādere |
trādidī |
trādītum |
"to give/hand over, deliver, surrender, betray |
< trans- + dō) |
transeō |
transīre |
transiī |
transitum |
"to cross, go across" |
< trans- + eō |
Present |
Infinitive |
Past perfect |
Passive perfect participle |
Meaning |
Derivation |
vādō |
vāděre |
vāsī |
|
”to go, make one's way, advance” |
evade, evasion, invade, invasion, pervade |
vehō |
vehere |
vēxī |
vectus |
”to carry, convey, transport” |
advection, convection, evection, invective, inveigh, vector, vehement, vehicle |
vendō |
venděre |
vendidī |
venditum |
”to sell, advertise, recommend, betray” |
short for vēnumdāre < vēnum, ”(that which is for) sale”+ dāre (see dō) vend, vendor |
veniō |
venire |
venī |
ventum |
”to come” |
advent, adventitious, adventure, avenue, circumvent, contravene, convene, convenient, convent, conventicle, convention, coven, covenant, event, eventual, intervene, invent, inventory, misadventure, parvenu, prevenient, prevent, provenance, provenience, revenant, revenue, souvenir, subvention, supervene, venire, venue |
vēnumdō |
vēnumdāre |
vēnumdāvī |
vēnumdātum |
”to sell, put up for sale” |
see vendō |
versō |
versāre |
versāvī |
versātum |
”to keep turning, whirl, twist, turn” |
< passive perfect participle of vertō |
versor |
versāvī |
versātus sum |
|
”to live (somewhere, stay, frequent, behave, revolve)” |
< passive perfect participle of vertō |
vertō |
vertere |
vertī |
versum |
”to turn” |
adverse, anniversary, avert, bouleversement, controversy, converse, convert, dextrorse, divert, evert, extrorse, extroversion, extrovert, introrse, introvert, invert, malversation, obverse, obvert, peevish, pervert, prose, retrorse, revert, sinistrorse, subvert, tergiversate, transverse, universe, versatile, verse, version, versus, vertebra, vertex, vertigo, vortex |
vexō |
vexāre |
vexāvī |
vexātum |
”to worry, annoy, vex” |
vex |
videō |
vidēre |
vīdī |
vīsum |
”to see, look (at) consider, understand, know, seem/appear” |
advice, advise, belvedere, black-a-vised, clairvoyant, envy, evident, improvise, interview, invidious, previse, provide, prudent, purvey, purview, review, revise, supervise, survey, vide, view, visa, visage, vision, visit, visor, vista, voeur |
vigilō |
vigilāre |
vigilāvī |
vigilātum |
”to be/stay awake, to be watchful/alert” |
reveille, surveillant, vedette, vigil, vigilant, vigilante |
vincō |
vincere |
vī(n)cī |
victum |
”to conquer” |
convict, convince, evict, evince, vanquish, victor, vincible |
visitō |
visitāre |
visitāvī |
visitātum |
”to visit, i.e. to keep seeing” |
frequentative of visō |
vīsō |
vīsere |
vīsī |
vīsum |
”to look at attentively, to go to look at, to visit” |
< passive perfect participle of videō |
vīvō |
vīvere |
vīvī |
victum |
”to live” |
convivial, revive, survive, viand, victual, viva, vivacious, vivid |
voco |
vocāre |
vocāvī |
vocātus |
”to call (upon) name, summon, invoke” |
advocate, avocation, convoke, equivocal, evoke, invocation, invoke, provoke, revoke, univocal, vocable, vocation, vouch |
volō |
velle |
voluī |
|
”I wish, I am willing” |
benevolence, malevolence, velleity, volition, voluntary |
volō |
volāre |
volāvī |
volātum |
”to fly” |
volant, volatile
|
W did not exist in Latin. The 'w' sound of Modern English was made by the letter 'v.' There are a handful of words which start with 'x' in Latin (mainly names), but none of them were verbs. Y existed by the time of Cicero (borrowed from the Greek upsilon), but its use was restricted to foreign words.