Russia

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Tabelle de contenetes 1 AVISE! Ti labor ne it finit! patientie por favore! AVISE! Ti labor ne it finit! patientie por favore! 2 History 2.1 Ancient Rus 2.2 Imperial Russia 2.3 Russia as part de Soviet Union 2.4 Post-Soviet Russia 3 Politics 4 Subdivisions 5 Geography 5.1 Borders 5.2 Spatial extent 5.3 Cities 6 economie 7 Demographics 8 Culture 9 Name 10 Miscellaneous topics 11 References 12 External links 12.1 Government resources 12.2 General information

[modificar] AVISE! Ti labor ne it finit! patientie por favore! AVISE! Ti labor ne it finit! patientie por favore!

li Russian Federation (Template:Lang-ru, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya e Rossijskaja Federacija), e Russia (Russian: ???????, transliteration: Rossiya e Rossija), es a land that stretches plu a vast expanse de Europa e Asia. con an area de 17,075,200 km² (6,595,600 mi²), it es li largest land in the munde, covering presc twice li territory de li next-largest land, Canada. It ranks eighth in li munde in population. It shares land borders con li following landes (counter-clockwise de NW to SE): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (solmen through Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia e North Korea. It es anc close to li United States e Japan across stretches de water: li Diomede ínsules (one controlled per Russia, li altri per li United States) es just 3 km apart, e Kunashir Island (controlled per Russia ma claimed per Japan) es circa 20 kilometers de Hokkaido.

Template:Infobox land Formerly li dominant república de li Union de Soviet Socialist repúblicas (USSR), Russia es now an independent land, e an influential member de li Commonwealth de Independent States, since li union's dissolution in December 1991. During li Soviet era, Russia esset officially called li Russian Soviet Federated Socialist república (RSFSR). Russia es usually considered li Soviet Union's successor state in diplomatic matters.

Most de li area, population, e industrial production de li Soviet Union, then un de li munde's du superpowers, lay in Russia. pos li breakup de li USSR, Russia's global role esset grandmen diminished, e cannot be compared to that de li former Soviet Union. In October 2005, li federal statistics agency reported that Russia's population ha shrunk per plu than half a million pópul dipping to 143 million.

[modificar] History

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[modificar] Ancient Rus

This section covers li pre-Russ ancient history de present Russia e su early medieval period, which es historically referred to as Ancient Rus.

li vast lands de present Russia esset home to disunited tribes who esset variously overwhelmed per invading Goths, Huns, e Turkish Avars between li third e sixth centuries C.E. li Iranian Scythians populated li sudern steppes, e a Turkic people, li Khazars, ruled li western portion de ti lands through li 8th century. They in turn esset displaced per a group de Scandinavians, li Varangians, who established a capital at li Slavic city de Novgorod e gradually merged con Slavic ruling classes. li Slavs constituted li bulk de li population de li 8th century onwards e slowly assimilated both li Scandinavians as well as native Finno-Ugric tribes, such as li Merya, li Muromians e li Meshchera.

li Varangian dynasty lasted several centuries, during which they affiliated con li Byzantine, e Orthodox church e moved li capital to Kiev in 1169 A.D. In ti era li term "Rhos", e "Russ", first came to be applied to li Varangians e later anc to li Slavs who peopled li region. In li 10th to 11th centuries ti state de Kievan Rus became li largest in Europa e esset quite prosperous, due to diversified trade con both Europa e Asia.

In li 13th century li area suffered de internal disputes e esset overrun per ost invaders, li Golden Horde de li pagan Mongols e Muslim Turkic-speaking nomads who pillaged li Russian principalities por plu tri centuries. anc known as li Tatars, they ruled li sudern e central expanses de present-day Russia, while su western zone esset largely incorporated into li Grand Duchy de Lithuania e Poland. li political dissolution de Kievan Rus divided li Russian people in li north de li Belarusians e Ukrainians in li west.

li nord part de Russia together con Novgorod retained some degree de autonomy during li time de li Mongol yoke e esset largely spared li atrocities that affected li rest de li land. Nevertheless it had to fight li Germanic crusaders who attempted to colonize li region.

Like in li Balkans e Asia Minor long-lasting nomadic rule retarded li land's economic e social development. Asian autocratic influences degraded mult de li land's democratic institutions e affected su culture e economie in a tre negative way.

In spite de this, unlike su spiritual leader, li Byzantine Empire, Russia esset able to revive, e organized su own war de reconquest, finally subjugating su enemies e annexing lor territories. pos li fall de Constantinople in 1453 Russia remained li solmen plu e less functional Christian state on li ost Europan frontier, allowing it to claim succession to li legacy de li ost Roman Empire.

[modificar] Imperial Russia

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While still nominally under li domain de li Mongols, li duchy de Moscow began to assert su influence, e eventually tossed off li control de li invaders late in li 14th century. Ivan li Great first took li title Tsar (from li Roman Caesar, anc written Czar) de Moscow following his marriage to Sofia, a Byzantine Princess (niece de li last Byzantine Emperor), finalized ti process e consolidated surrounding areas under Moscow's dominion. At li end de 16 centuries Russian cossacks establish li first settlements in Western Siberia. To li middle de 17 centuries Russian settlements es in ost Siberia, on Chukotka, li river Amur, coast de Pacific ocean. In 1648 Cossack Simeon Dezhnev opens a passage between America e Asia. li Russian Empire esset born.

Muscovite control de li nascent nation continued pos li Polish intervention 1605-1612 under li subsequent Romanov dynasty, beginning con Tsar Michael Romanov in 1613. Peter li Great, who ruled de 1689 to 1725, succeeded in bringing ideas e culture de Western Europa to a Russia which had been affected per primitive nomadic cultures. Catherine li Great, ruling de 1762 to 1796, enhanced ti effort, establishing Russia ne just as an Asian power, ma on an equal footing con Britain, Francia, e Germania in Europa. She enlarged li Russian territory per li Partitions de Poland e li Turkish Wars. Unrest de li downtrodden serfs e suppression de li growing Intelligentsia esset continuing problems támen, e on li eve de munde War I, li position de Tsar Nicholas II e his dynasty appeared precarious. Repeated devastating defeats de li Russian army in munde War I led to widespread rioting in li major cities de li Russian Empire e to li overthrow in 1917 de li Romanovs.

At li close de ti Russian Revolution de 1917, li Bolshevik wing de li Communist Party under Vladimir Lenin seized power e formed li USSR. Rule de Joseph Stalin forced rapid industrialization de li largely rural land e collectivization de su agriculture at li cost de millions de lives. Stalin anc strengthened Russian dominance within li Soviet Union.

[modificar] Russia as part de Soviet Union

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In 1928 Stalin introduced li First Five-annu Plan por building a socialist economie. li Soviet Union became a major industrial power; ma li plan's implementation produced widespread misery por some segments de li population. Social upheaval continued in li mid-1930s, when Stalin began a purge de li party (see Great Purges); out de ti process grew a campaign de terror that led to li execution de thousands e imprisonment de millions de tot walks de vive (see Gulag). Yet despite ti turmoil, li Soviet Union developed a powerful industrial economie in li annus before munde War II.

Although Stalin tried to avert war con Germania per concluding li Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in 1939, Germania invaded li Soviet Union in 1941. li Red Army stopped li Nazi offensive at li Battle de Stalingrad in 1943 e drove through ost Europa to Berlin before Germania surrendered in 1945 (see Great Patriotic War). Although ravaged per li war, li Soviet Union emerged de li conflict as an acknowledged great power.

During li immediate postwar period, li Soviet Union first rebuilt e then expanded su economie, con control always exerted exclusively de Moscow. li Soviet Union consolidated su hold on ost Europa (see ost bloc), e sought to expand su influence elsewhere in li munde. ti active foreign policy helped bring circa li Cold War, which turned li Soviet Union's wartime allies, li United Kingdom e li United States, into foes.

Stalin died in 1953, e in li absence de an acceptable successor, Stalin's closest associates opted to rule li Soviet Union jointly. pos a protracted power struggle, General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev emerged as li undisputed leader de li USSR. During ti period li Soviet Union launched li first satellite Sputnik 1 e man Yuri Gagarin into orbit. Khrushchev's reformes in agriculture e administration, támen, esset generally unproductive, e foreign policy toward China e li United States suffered reverses. Khrushchev's colleagues in li leadership removed him de power in 1964.

Following li ouster de Khrushchev, another period de rule per collective leadership ensued, lasting until Leonid Brezhnev established himself in li early 1970s as li preeminent figure in Soviet political life. In contrast to li revolutionary spirit that accompanied li birth de li Soviet Union, li prevailing mood de li Soviet leadership at li time de Brezhnev's death in 1982 esset un de aversion to change.

In li mid e late 1980s, li reform-minded Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost (openness) e perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Soviet communism. támen, his initiatives inadvertently unleashed forces that per December 1991 splintered li USSR into 15 independent repúblicas (see History de li Soviet Union (1985-1991)). Since then, Russia ha struggled in su efforts to build a democratic political sistema e market economie to replace li strict social, political, e economic controls de li Soviet era.

[modificar] Post-Soviet Russia

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Prior to li dissolution de li Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin had been elected President de Russia in June 1991 in li first direct presidential election in Russian history. In October 1991, as Russia esset on li verge de independence, Yeltsin announced that Russia would proceed con radical market-oriented reform along li lines de Poland's "big bang," anc known as "shock therapy."

After li disintegration de li USSR, li economie de Russia went through a crisis. Outside Russia in territory de li new independent states there esset a majority de nonfreezing ports where li enterprises esset making consumer goods, large sites de former Soviet pipelines, significant number de li hi-tech enterprises (including li atomic power station), constructed due to li Soviet center. In Russia there esset mainly enterprises de li heavy e military industry. Russia ha taken up li responsibility por payment de external debt de li USSR, though su population es 50 % de li population de li USSR. li largest state enterprises (a petroleum industry, metallurgy) ha been privatized por li litt sum de 600 million (600.000.000) USD. Owing to easing li state illegal export de capitals ha repeatedly increased.

Russia's Congress de People's Deputies attempted to impeach Yeltsin on 1993-03-26. Yeltsin's opponents gathered plu than 600 votes por impeachment, ma fell 72 votes curt. On 1993-09-21, Yeltsin disbanded li Supreme Soviet e Congress de People's Deputies per decree, which esset illegal under li constitution. On September 21 there esset a military showdown, li Russian constitutional crisis de 1993. con military help, Yeltsin held control. li conflict that resulted in a number de civilian casualties esset resolved in Yeltsin's favor e elections esset held on 1993-12-12.

Since li separatist república Chechnya declared independence in li early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war (First Chechen War, Second Chechen War) ha been fought between disparate Chechen groupes e li Russian military. Some de ti groupes ha become increasingly Islamist plu li course de li struggle. It es estimated that plu 200,000 pópul ha died in ti conflict. Minor conflicts anc existe in North Ossetia e Ingushetia.

After Yeltsin's presidency in li 1990s, Vladimir Putin esset elected in 2000. Under Putin, li intensified state control de li Russian media ha raised Western concerns circa human rights in Russia. At li same time, li rising oil prices, tensions, e war in li Middle East ha helped increase Russia's revenue de oil production e export, e ha stimulated economic expansion. Putin's presidency ha shown improved stability in li living conditions de Russians as compared to li 1990s; despite acute crises e largely criticized government failures, Putin retained his popular image e in 2004 esset re-elected to a second four-annu term de office.

[modificar] Politics

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li Russian Federation es a federal república con a president, directmen elected por a four-annu term, who holds considerable executive power. li president, who resides in the Kremlin, nominates li highest state officials, including li prime minister (or premier), who must be approved per li State Duma, li lower house de Russian parliament, e governors, who must be approved per regional legislatures. li president can pass decrees (executive orders) without consent de Parliament e es anc head de li armed forces e de li Russian National Security Council.

Russia's bicameral parliament, li Federal Assembly (Russian: ??????????? ????????, Anglés transliteration: Federalnoye Sobraniye) consists de an upper house known as li Federation Council (????? ?????????, Sovet Federatsii), composed de 178 delegates, which es appointed per executive e legislative bodies de each de 89 federal subjects por li term de four e five annus, e a lower house known as li State Duma (??????????????? ????, Gosudarstvennaya Duma), comprising 450 deputies anc serving a four-annu term, de which 225 es elected per direct popular vote de single member constituencies e 225 es elected per proportional representation de nation-wide party lists.

From li next elections, which es to be held in December 2007, tot 450 membres de li Duma will be elected de party lists.

[modificar] Subdivisions

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See also: Federal districts de Russia, Federal subjects de Russia, repúblicas de Russia, Oblasts de Russia, Krais de Russia, Autonomous Oblasts de Russia, Autonomous Districts de Russia, Federal cities de Russia.

li Russian Federation consists de a great number de different federal subjects, making a total de 89 constituent components. There es 21 repúblicas within li federation that enjoy a high degree de autonomy on mult issues e ti correspond to some de Russia's ethnic minorities. li remaining territory consists de 49 oblasts (provinces) e 6 krais (territories), in which es found 10 autonomous okrugs (autonomous districts) e 1 autonomous oblast. Beyond ti there es 2 federal cities (Moscow e St. Petersburg). Recently, 7 extensive federal districts (four in Europa, tri in Asia) ha been added as a new layer between li above subdivisions e li national level.

[modificar] Geography

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li Russian Federation stretches across much de li north de li supercontinent de Eurasia. Although it contains a large share de li munde's Arctic e sub-Arctic areas, e therefore ha less population, economic activity, e physical variety per unit area than mult landes, li great area sud de ti still accommodates a great variety de landscapes e climates. mult de li land consists de vast plains, both in li Europaan part e li Asian part that es largely known as Siberia. ti plains es predominantly steppe to li sud e heavily forested to li north, con tundra along li nord coast. Mountain ranges es found along li sudern borders, such as li Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, Russia's e Europa's highest point at 5,633 m) e li Altai, e in li ost parts, such as li Verkhoyansk Range e li volcanoes on Kamchatka. li plu central Ural Mountains, a north-sud range that form li primary divide between Europa e Asia, es anc notable.

Russia ha an extensive coastline de plu 37,000 km along li Arctic e Pacific Oceans, as well as plu e less inland seas such as li Baltic, Black e Caspian seas. Some litter bodies de water es part de li open oceans; li Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea e East Siberian Sea es part de li Arctic, whereas li Bering Sea, Sea de Okhotsk e li Sea de Japan belong to li Pacific Ocean.

Major ínsules found in them include Novaya Zemlya, li Franz-Josef Land, li New Siberian ínsules, Wrangel Island, li Kuril ínsules e Sakhalin. (See List de ínsules de Russia).

Many rivers flow across Russia. See Rivers de Russia.

Major lakes include Lake Baikal, Lake Ladoga e Lake Onega. See List de lakes in Russia.

[modificar] Borders

li mult practical way to describe Russia es as a main part (a large contiguous portion con su off-shore ínsules) e an exclave (at li sudeast corner de li Baltic Sea).

li main part's borders e coasts (starting in li far northwest e proceeding counter-clockwise) are:

• borders con li following landes: Norway e Finland,
• a curt coast on li Baltic Sea, facing eight altri landes on su shores de Finland to Estonia e including li port de St. Petersburg,
• borders con Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, e Ukraine,
• a coast on li Black Sea, facing five altri landes on su shores de Ukraine to Georgia,
• borders con Georgia e Azerbaijan,
• a coast on li Caspian Sea, facing four altri landes on su shores de Azerbaijan to Kazakhstan,
• borders con Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, e North Korea,
• an extensive coastline that provides access con tot li maritime nationes de li munde, e stretches
  • from li North Pacific Ocean including
    • the Sea de Japan (where li west shore de Russia's Sakhalin lies),
    • the Sea de Okhotsk (where li east shore de Sakhalin e su Kurile ínsules lie), e
    • the Bering Sea,
  • through li Bering Strait (where su minor island de Big Diomede es separated per solmen a few miles de litt Diomede, a part de li US state de Alaska),
  • to li Arctic Ocean, including
    • the Chukchi Sea (where li sud e east shores de su Wrangel Island lie),
    • the East Siberian Sea (where su west shore, e li east shores de su New Siberian ínsules lie),
    • the Laptev Sea (where lor west shores lie),
    • the Kara Sea (where li east shore de su Novaya Zemlya lies),
    • the Barents Sea (where lor west shore, li sud shores de su Franz-Josef Land li port de Murmansk e important naval facilities lie, e where li White Sea reaches far inland).

li exclave, constituted per li Kaliningrad Oblast,

• shares borders con
  • Poland to su sud e
  • Lithuania to su north e east, e
• has a northwest coast on li Baltic Sea.

li Baltic e Black Sea coasts de Russia ha less direct e plu constrained access to li high seas than su Pacific e Arctic ones, ma both es nevertheless important por that purpose. li Baltic gives immediate access con li nine altri landes sharing su shores, e between li main part de Russia e su Kaliningrad Oblast exclave. Via li straits that lie within Denmark, e between it e Sweden, li Baltic connects to li North Sea e li oceans to su west e north. li Black Sea gives immediate access con li five altri landes sharing su shores, e via li Dardanelles e Marmora straits adjacent to Istanbul, Turkey, to li Mediterranean Sea con su mult landes e su access, via li Suez Canal e li Straits de Gibraltar, to li Atlantic e Indian Oceans. li salt waters de li Caspian Sea, li munde's largest lake, afford no access con li high seas.

[modificar] Spatial extent

li du mult widely separated points in Russia es circa 8,000 km (5000 mi) apart along a geodesic (i.e. curtest line between du points on li Earth's surface). ti points are: li boundary con Poland on a 60-km-long (40-mi-long) spit de land separating li Gulf de Gdan'sk de li Vistula Lagoon; e li farthest sudeast de li Kurile ínsules, a few miles off Hokkaido Island, Japan.

támen, ti es confusing because li points which es furthest separated in longitude es "solmen" 6,600 km (4,100 mi) apart along a geodesic. ti points are: in li West, li same spit; in li East, li Big Diomede Island (Ostrov Ratmanova).

It es anc sovente mentioned that li Russian federation spans eleven time zones.

[modificar] Cities

As de 2005 Russia ha 13 cities con plu a million inhabitants (from largest to littest): Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Omsk, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Volgograd e Perm.

See also: List de cities in Russia

[modificar] economie

Template:Main More than a decade pos li collapse de li Soviet Union in 1991, Russia es now trying to establish a market economie e achieve plu consistent economic growth. Russia saw su comparatively developed centrally-planned economie contract severely por five annus, as li executive e legislature dithered plu li implementation de reformes e Russia's industrial base faced a serious decline. Moreover, an emergency livestock curtage in 1987, which triggered large-scale international aid, severely bruised li ego, as well as li economie, de li emerging Russian state.

After li breakup de li USSR, Russia's first slight recotre, showing li signs de open-market influence, occurred in 1997. That annu, támen,Asian financial crisis culminated in li August depreciation de li ruble in 1998, a debt default per li government, e a sharp deterioration in living standards por mult de li population. Consequently, li annu 1998 esset marked per recession e intense capital flight.

Nevertheless, li economie started recovering in 1999. Then it entered a phase de rapid economic expansion, li GDP growing per an average de 6.7% annually in 1999-2005 on li back de higher petroleum prices, weaker ruble, e increasing service production e industrial output. li economic development de li land, támen, ha been extremely uneven: li capital region de Moscow contributes a third to li land's GDP having solmen a tenth de su population.

li recent recotre, made possible due to high munde oil prices, along con a renewed government effort in 2000 e 2001 to advance lagging structural reformes, ha raised business e investor confidence plu Russia's prospects in su second decade de transition. Russia remains heavily dependent on exports de commodities, particularly oil, natural gas, metals, e timber, which account por circa 80% de exports, leaving li land vulnerable to swings in munde prices. In recent annus, támen, li economie ha anc been driven per growing internal consumer demand that ha increased per plu 12% annually in 2000-2005, showing li strengthening de su own internal market.

li land's GDP shot up to reach €1.2 trillion ($1.5 trillion) in 2004, making it li ninth largest economie in li munde e li fifth largest in Europa. If li current growth rate es sustained, li land es expected to become li second largest Europan economie pos Germania (€1.9 trillion e $2.3 trillion) e li sixth largest in li munde within a few annus.

li greatest challenge facing li Russian economie es how to encourage li development de SME (litt e medium sized enterprises) in a business climate con a young e dysfunctional banking sistema, dominated per Russian oligarchs. mult de Russia's banks es owned per entrepreneurs e oligarchs, who sovente use li deposits to lend to lor own businesses.

li Europan Bank por Reconstruction e Development e li munde Bank ha attempted to kick-start normal banking practices per making equity e debt investments in a number de banks, ma con tre limited success.

Other problems include disproportional economic development de Russia's own regiones. While li huge capital region de Moscow es a bustling, affluent metropolis living on li cutting edge de technology con a per capita income rapidly approaching that de li leading Eurozone economies, much de li land, especially su indigenous e rural communities in Asia, lags significantly behind. Market integration es nonetheless making itself felt in some altri sizeable cities such as Saint Petersburg, Kaliningrad, e Ekaterinburg, e recently anc in li adjacent rural areas.

Encouraging foreign investment es anc a major challenge due to legal, some cultural, linguistic, economic e political peculiarities de li land. Nevertheless, there ha been significant inflow de capital in recent annus de mult Europan investors attracted per cheaper land, labor e higher growth rates than in li rest de Europa. Amazingly high levels de education e societal involvement achieved per li majority de li population, including women e minorities, secular attitudes, mobile class structure, better integration de various minorities in li mainstream culture set Russia far apart de li majority de li so-called developing e even some developed nationes.

So far, li land es anc benefiting de rising oil prices e ha been able de payar off much de su formerly huge debt. Equal redistribution de capital gains de li natural resource industries to altri sectors es anc a problem. Still, since 2003, exports de natural resources started decreasing in economic importance as li internal market ha strengthened considerably largely stimulated per intense construction, as well as consumption de increasingly diverse goods e services. Yet teaching customers e encouraging consumer spending es a relatively tough task por mult provincial areas where consumer demand es primitive, although some laudable progress ha already been made in larger cities especially in clothing, nutriment, entertainment industries.

li arrest de Russia's wealthiest businessman Mikhail Khodorkovsky on charges de fraud e corruption in relation to li large-scale privatizations organized under then-President Yeltsin ha caused mult foreign investors to worry circa li stability de li Russian economie. mult de li large fortunes currently prevailing in Russia seem to be li product de either acquiring government assets particularly at low costs e gaining concessions de li government. altri landes ha expressed concerns e worries at li "selective" application de li law against individual businessmen.

támen, some international firms es investing heavily in Russia. According to li International Monetary Fund (IMF), Russia had nearly $26 billion in cumulative foreign direct investment inflows during li 2001-2004 period (of which $11.7 billion occurred last annu alone).

[modificar] Demographics

Template:Main Despite su comparatively tre high population, Russia ha a low average population density due to su enormous size. Population es densest in li Europan part de Russia, in li Ural Mountains area, e in li sud-western partes de Siberia; li sud-ost part de Siberia that meets li Pacific Ocean, known as li Russian Far East, es sparsely populated, con su sudern part being densest. li Russian Federation es home to as mult as 160 different ethnic groupes e indigenous peoples. As de li 2002 census, 79.8% de li population es ethnically Russian, 3.8% Tatar, 2% Ukrainian, 1.2% Bashkir, 1.1% Chuvash, 0.9% Chechen, 0.8% Armenian, e li remaining 10.3% includes those who did ne specify lor ethnicity as well as (in alphabetical order) Avars, Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Buryats, Chinese, Evenks, Georgians, Germans, Greeks, Ingushes, Inuit, Jews, Kalmyks, Karelians, Kazakhs, Koreans, Maris, Mordvins, Nenetses, Ossetians, Poles, Tuvans, Udmurts, Yakuts, e others. Nearly tot de ti groupes live compactly in lor respective regiones; Russians es li solmen pópul significantly represented in etre region de li land.

li Russian language es li solmen official state language, ma li individual repúblicas ha sovente made lor native lingue co-official next to Russian. Cyrillic alphabet es li solmen official script, which means that ti lingues must be written in Cyrillic in official texts.

li Russian Orthodox Church es li dominant Christian religion in li Federation; altri religions include Islam, various Protestant faiths, Judaism, Roman Catholicism e Buddhism. Division into different religions takes place primarily along ethnic lines: majority de Russians es Orthodox, majority de pópul de Turkic descent es Muslim, Judaism es tre uncommon among non-Jews. Neopaganism es on li rise, especially among Slavic people. See Religion in Russia por more.

[modificar] Culture

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• Cinema de Russia
• List de famous Russians
• Music de Russia
• Russian architecture
• Russian cuisine
• Russian humour
• Russian literature
  • List de Russian lingue poets
  • Russian formalism
  • Russian folklore
• Russian music
• Russian painting
• Russian theatre

[modificar] Name

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Main article: Etymology de Rus e derivatives.

li name de li land derives de li name de li Rus' people. li origin de li pópul itself e de lor name es a matter de controversy.

[modificar] Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in Russia
• Education in Russia
• Foreign relations de Russia
• Law de li Russian Federation
• List de Russian companies
• Military de Russia
• Postage stamps e postal history de Russia
• Public holidays in Russia
• Tourism in Russia
• Transportation in Russia

[modificar] References

• The New Columbia Encyclopedia, Col.Univ.Press, 1975
• munde Civilizations:The Global Experience, per Peter Stearns, Michael Adas, Stuart Schwartz, e Marc Gilbert

[modificar] External links

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[modificar] Government resources

• Duma - Official site de li parliamentary lower house (in Russian)
• Federative Council - Official site de li parliamentary upper house
• Kremlin - Official presidential site (in Anglés)
• Gov.ru - Official governmental portal (in Russian)
• Embassy de li Russian Federation to li United States
• Russia Energy Resources e Industry de U.S. Department de Energy
• U.S. State Department Consular Information Sheet: Russia

[modificar] General information

• Russia Profile
• land Profile per BBC
• land Facts per CIA
• German-Russian Exchange NGO that connects volunteers to ngo's in Russia (not solmen Germans)
• Government links
• Russian economie: Bank de Finland review
• Webcam in Russia
• Impressions de Soviet Russia, per John Dewey
• Johnson's Russia List Archive
• Pictures de Russia de slackertravel
• li Russia Journal - An independent news e analysis source de Russia.
• Anglés Edition de Pravda
• Radio FreeEuropa/Radio Liberty on Russia
• Kommersant ?: Russia's Daily online
• li Moscow News, Anglés edition*
• Russia taxes, business e economie.

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