José Eduardo dos Santos

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**José Eduardo dos Santos**

Menjabat sejak:	10 September 1979
Pendahulu:	Agostinho Neto
Tanggal Lahir:	28 Agustus 1942
Kelahiran:	Luanda

José Eduardo dos Santos (lahir 28 Agustus 1942 di Luanda) adalah Presiden, Kepala Pemerintahan, dan Komandan Chief Angkatan Bersenjata Angola saat ini. Ayahnya seorang konstruksi bangunan. Seusai menempuh pendidikan, ia bergabung dengan Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) pada 1956 untuk memulai karier politiknya.

Ia menjadi presiden pada 10 September 1979, menggantikan presiden pertama Angola Agostinho Neto. Ia dipandang sebagai orang yang cukup kuat, namun menerima bagian besar dalam suara pemilihan multipartai pertama Angola pada 1992. Ia tidak sungguh-sungguh diterima secara mayoritas; namun pemimpin UNITA Jonas Savimbi menarik diri dari perlombaan suara sebelum ronde kedua, meninggalkannya secara teknis sebagai presiden interim.

Ia mengumumkan pada 2001 bahwa ia akan meletakkan jabatan pada pemilihan berikutnya, menetapkan bahwa ketentraman bisa tercapai. Pada Desember 2003, bagaimanapun, ia diangkat kembali sebagai ketua MPLA, dan secara luas dipercaya bahwa ia akan menjadi calon partai dalam pemilihan berikutnya, yang mungkin diadakan pada 2006.

Due to the repression of the colonial government, Dos Santos went into self-exile in France in 1961. He later moved to the Republic of the Congo. From there he collaborated with the MPLA, and soon became the vice-president. To continue with his education he moved, once again, to the former USSR where received an engineering degree.

In 1970 he returned to Angola and joined the EPLA (Exército Popular de Libertação de Angola), the military branch of the MPLA, becoming a radio transmitter in the second political-military region of the MPLA. In 1974 he was promoted to subcommander of the telecoms service of the second region, and was also named as coordinator of the foreign policy of the MPLA.

After achieving Angolan independence the rebel groups UNITA and FNLA started the Angolan civil war which would last 27 years. At the beginning of the war dos Santos was named president of the MPLA and secretary of Angolan foreign policy. In spite of a very successful period he was substituted as a secretary of foreign policy in 1976.

After the death of Angola's first president, Agostinho Neto, dos Santos became president, chief of the armed forces, and president of the parliament in 1979, all this by an internal voting of his party.

At first he tried to manage a peaceful solution to the civil war that was devastating Angola. His higher success was the peace treaty signed in Lisbon with the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, in 1991, where, among other things, there would be free elections and integration of members of the UNITA to the new armed forces of Angola, the FAA (Forças Armadas Angolanas). As a sign of good will with foreign powers the MPLA had rejected previously his Marxist ideology to became a social democrat party.

On September 29 and September 30 of 1992 elections were called in Angola. Dos Santos won the elections with 49.5% of the votes. Savimbi only had 40.7%. Since no one achieved the required 50% of the votes for becoming president a second round was called, but Savimbi quit from the second round alleging voting fraud although foreign observers and the UN said the election was fair. In the parliamentary elections MPLA won 54.7% of the vote with 129 out of 220 seats in parliament and UNITA managed a 34,10% -70 seats-.

Savimbi's withdrawal from the second round of elections gave dos Santos much needed foreign support. United States, among others, recognized Angola in 1993. Dos Santos, now rejecting negotiated peace, began fierce military actions, allegedly engaging in torture, arbitrary detention and the dead of almost 300,000 Angolans, dos Santos managed to defeat UNITA.

In 1999, dos Santos gained greater power in the Angolan parliament by becoming the Angolan Secretary of Defence.

In 2002 the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, was killed by governmental forces. The already weakened UNITA surrendered and signed a peace treaty a few weeks later after the death of Savimbi ending the Angolan Civil War.

In this short period of peace dos Santos signed important contracts with corporations interested in extracting oil and diamonds, controlled high inflation and brought an estimated economic growth of 24%. Despite these economic advances dos Santos has failed to combat governmental corruption, reconstruct public infrastructure, draft a new constitution, or reduce control over newspapers, radios and TV. And, although Angola's natural resources are among the world's richest, the UN considers Angola one of the poorest countries in the world.

Dos Santos announced in 2001 that he would step down at the next presidential election, provided that peace can be achieved. In December of 2003, however, he was reelected as head of the MPLA, and it is widely believed that he will be the party's candidate in the next elections, which may be held in September of 2006. -->