Frascati

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For other uses, see Frascati (disambiguation).

Comune di Frascati
Municipal coat of arms
Country	Italy
Region	Lazio
Province	Rome
Mayor	Francesco Paolo Posa (since June 2004)

Elevation	320 m
Area	22 km²
Population
- Total (as of December 31, 2005)	20,149
- Density	877/km²
Time zone	CET, UTC+1
Coordinates	41°49′N 12°41′E
Gentilic	Frascatani
Dialing code	06
Postal code	00044
Frazioni	Vermicino Cocciano Cisternole
Patron	Saints Apostles Philip and James
- Day	May 3
Location of Frascati in Italy
Website: www.comune.frascati.rm.it

Frascati is a town and commune in the province of Rome in the Latium region of central Italy. It is located 20 km south-east of Rome, on the Alban Hills close to the ancient city of Tusculum.

1 History
2 Main sights
3 Twin towns
4 Miscellaneous
5 Schools
6 Sports
7 Famous citizens and residents
8 External links

[edit] History

The most important archeological finding, dating back to Ancient Roman time, during the late Republican Age, is a patrician Roman villa probably belonging to Lucullus. In the first century AD the owner was Caius Passienus Crispus, who married Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero. Later his properties were confiscated by the Flavian imperial dynasty (69 - 96 AD). Consul Flavius Clemens lived in the villa with his wife Domitilla during the rule of Domitian.

According to the Liber Pontificalis, in the 9th century Frascati was a little village, probably founded two centuries earlier. The name of the city probably comes from a typical local tradition of collecting firewood ("frasche" in Italian): many place-names around the town refer to trees or wood. After the destruction of Tusculum in 1191, the town population increased and the bishopric moved out from Tusculum to Frascati. Pope Innocent III endorsed the city as a feudal possession of the basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, but in the following centuries its territories was ravaged by frequent raids that impoverished it. It was a possession of various baronal families, including the Colonna, until, in 1460, Pope Pius II fortified the place with walls.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century Pope Julius II gave Frascati as a feudal possession to the condottiero Marcantonio I Colonna, who lived there from 1508 together with his wife Lucrezia della Rovere, nephew of Pope Julius II. In 1515 Marcantonio Colonna gave to Frascati the "Statuti e Capituli del Castello di Frascati", the first city statute with rules and regulations to observe.

In 1518 a Hospital was built, named after St. Sebastiano, in memory of the old basilica destroyed in the 9th century. After Prince Colonna's death in 1522 Lucrezia della Rovere sold Frascati to Pier Luigi Farnese, nephew of Pope Paul III.

On May 1, 1527 a Landsknecht company, after having sacked Rome, arrived out of the bordering villages. However, the soldiers changed direction of march next to a niche consecrated to the Virgin Mary, and the town was therefore safe. This event is commemorated by a church now called Capocroce.

In 1538, the Pope Paul III conferred the title of "Civitas" to Frascati, with the name "TUSCULUM NOVUM". In 1598 construction began of a new cathedral dedicated to St. Peter.

On September 15, 1616 the first public and free school in Europe was started up on the initiative of Saint Joseph Calasanz.

St. Peter Cathedral.

On June 18, 1656 a part of plaster peeled off the wall inside the Church of St. Mary in Vivario and an ancient fresco became visible, it was the image of Saints Sebastian and Roch protector from the plague. In that year there was an epidemic of plague in Rome (anno dirae luis) but Frascati was safe, from that year the two Saints were co-patron Saints of the city. The statues of these Saints are in the facade of the Cathedral. In 1757 the Valle theater opened in the centre of the town. And in 1761 the fortress changed to a princely palace under the patronage of the Cardinal Henry Stuart duke of York.

In 1809 Frascati was annexed to the French Empire, and selected as capital of the Roman canton.

In autumn 1837, there was a plague epidemic in Rome, and 5,000 people left Rome. Frascati was the only city that opened its doors to them. Since then Frascati's flag has been the same as Rome's, yellow and red.

In 1840 foundation of "Accademia Tuscolana" by Cardinal-Bishop Ludovico Micara.

In 1856 the city was chosen as the terminus of the first railway (Rome and Frascati Rail Road) to be built by the Papal State. The last section of the railway line was inaugurated in 1884, 14 years after the city became part of the new Kingdom of Italy. On December 17, 1901 the first electricity reached Frascati from a hydroelectric plant in Tivoli.

In 1906 the electric tram line was opened for service between Frascati, Rome and Castelli Romani, they traveled wholly along tracks laid down in streets as interurban electric streetcar (light rail). In 1954 the electric Tram line was replaced by buses. In 1916 the electric tram line, called "Vicinali", (Rome and Fiuggi Rail Road), was opened for service. It connected Frascati, Monte Porzio Catone, Monte Compatri, San Cesareo. In 1943 this tram line was destroyed and was replaced by buses.

In 1943, during World War II, Frascati was heavily bombed (Frascati bombing raid September 8, 1943). About 50% of buildings, many of the monuments, villas and houses were destroyed, and many people died. A second bombing raid on January 22, 1944, the day of the battle of Anzio (Operation Shingle). The city was liberated from the German occupation on June 4, 1944 by U.S. 85th Infantry Division.

On March 1944 the Civil and Ecclesiastic authority brought the books an codexes of Eboracense Library, Bishop Archive and Aldobrandini Archive to Vatican library.

In 1944-1945 the ruins of the buildings were carried to filled in a valley, now in that place there is the "8 September Stadium".

In 1954 the mayor Micara made an exchange of real property with Duke Andrea Torlonia, between the "Quadrato estate" near Rome and the "Gardens of Villa Torlonia", so them became public park.

[edit] Main sights

Frascati is particularly renowned for its white wine, the Frascati (wine). It is also an important historical and artistical centre.

[edit] Villas

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Frascati is famous for its notable villas of the Papal Nobility, built from the 16th century by the Popes, cardinals and Roman nobles as "status symbols" of Roman aristocracy, they were destined to social activities rather than farming. The "Ville Pontificie" have very particular relationship with the surrounding landscape. The villas are substantially well preserved, damages caused to some of them during World War II have been repaired following the original techniques and materials with correct methodologies.

These are:

Villa Aldobrandini.

[edit] Religious sites

The Cathedral (Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter Apostle) has a high façade from 1698-1700 (Architect Gerolamo Fontana), while the interior is from the 16th century, the project was committed to Ottaviano Nonni called the Mascherino. The interior of the cathedral, demolished by the bombing in 1943, appears bare. On the inner side of the facade the sepulchral stone of Charles Edward Stuart.
The Church of the Gesù (16th/17th centuries) has, one the façade, niches with statues attributed to Pietro da Cortona. The interior has an illusionistic false dome and architectural works by Andrea Pozzo.
The Bishop's Palace, the old "Rocca" ("Castle"), is a massive construction with two square and one rounded towers. It is flanked by the small church of Santa Maria in Vivario, with a campanile (1305) characterized by three orders of three-mullioned windows

[edit] Museums

Civic archaeological museum at the Scuderie Aldobrandini ("Aldobrandini Stables"). It diplays archaelogical finds coming from the ancient Tusculum and the nearby area. The scale models of the Tuscolane Villas are worth mentioning.
Ethiopian Museum of Cardinal Guglielmo Massaia (1809-1889), a missionary who was buried here, in the Capuccini's friary, a "villa monastery" with a church dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi. This houses in its interior noteoworthy works by Giulio Romano and Pomarancio.

[edit] Twin towns

Each year youths from the four towns compete against one another in sports (the Twin Towns Sports Competition) hostet in turn by each of the five towns. In Frascati there are roads named after the twin towns in the Torlonia park.

[edit] Miscellaneous

Earth Observation missions of the European Space Agency are based in Frascati, at the major high energy physics laboratory of the INFN called Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati. The same lab also hosts research facilities of ENEA.
The area gave its name to Frascati, the popular white wine from this region.
Frascati also gave its name to Frescati House in Blackrock near Dublin, which was the residence of the Irish patriot Lord Edward FitzGerald.
The OECD's Frascati Manual, a methodology for research and development statistics, originated in a meeting at the Villa Falconieri in June 1963.
The film The Villa by Andrew Blake is set in Frascati.

[edit] Schools

Frascati is home to many Italian secondary schools, specializing in classical and scientific studies, in foreign languages and commercial studies.

[edit] Sports

Frascati is home to many teams:

Football team "Lupa Frascati" (official site: www.lupafrascati.it);
Rugby team Frascati (official site: www.rugbyfrascati.it);
Fencing team Frascati (official site: www.frascatischerma.it);
Volley team Frascati;
Basket team Frascati;
Athletics team Frascati.

[edit] Famous citizens and residents

Frascati was the birthplace of:

Felice Ferri (1828-1889) politician
Ludovico Micara (1837-1844) Cardinal Bishop
Maffeo Pantaleoni (1857-1924) economist and politician
Domenico Valenzani (1874-1931) politician
Arnaldo Mecozzi (1876-1932) painter
Clemente Micara (1879-1965) Cardinal Bishop
Pietro Campilli (1891-1974) politician: deputy of Parliament and Minister
Pietro Micara (1912-1975) politician and senator
Don Giuseppe Buttarelli (1918-1968) priest, civil-hero
Mario Titi (1921-1982) landscape painter
Luciano Vicari (1932-2000) musician, violoncello-master
Elena Beccarini Crescenzi, poet
Augusto Panizza, musician, in 1890 founded the Philarmonic Tuscolan Academy, the Communal Music Band
Tino Buazzelli (1922-1980) actor
Germano Alfonsi (1926-2006) sculptor and painter, the Italian modern-day Michelangelo.

Frascati has drawn many arts and history celebrities to move here in every time, these famous residents and visitors include:

Henry Benedict Stuart, the younger brother of Charles Edward Stuart (that "Bonnie Prince Charlie" who tried with no success, to reconquer the English throne in 1746), became Cardinal Bishop of Frascati in 1761. He became Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1803, but continued to live in the episcopal palace of Frascati until his death on 13 July 1807. He improved the town cultural life by founding the Seminary and library.On the inner side of the Cathedral facade he built the sepulchral stone of his brother (Monument to the Royal Stuarts).
Goethe visited the Tuscolo country between 1786 to 1788, staying in Frascati. He recounted his impressions on his journal, the travel book of a long journey all over Italy (Italian Journey). An important street in the centre of Frascati was named after Goethe.
The German writer Richard Voss spent 25 years of his life in the city, writing a lot of his novels and plays there. He received the honorary citizenship of Frascati.
Andrea Pozzo painter and architect, painted in fresco in "Church of the Gesù" the false dome, a masterpiece of optical illusion.
Taddeo Kuntze (1730-1793), Polish painter.
King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1751-1819) from 1802 lived in Villa Lancellotti.
Princess Pauline Bonaparte, favourite sister of Napoleon I of France and wife of Prince Camillo Borghese, lived in Villa Parisi from 1806 to 1811. At the same time her mother and brother, Lucien Bonaparte, lived in Villa Rufinella from 1804 to 1820.
The famous writer George Sand passed part of her Italian years in Frascati from 1855 to 1858, here she was inspired to write some of her novels.
Queen Maria Cristina of Bourbon, wife of Charles Felix of Sardinia, lived in Villa Rufinella from 1821.
Clara Louisa Wells, English writer.
Biagio Budelacci (1888; 1973); Bishop of Frascati, silver medal for civic valour of Italian Republic.
Italo Alighiero Chiusano (1926-1995) poet and writer.