Diskussion:Tımar

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Ottoman land tenure . Grant of lands or revenues by the Ottoman Sultan to an individual in compensation for his services, especially military service. The Timar-system was introduced by Osman I. He granted his troops with land tenure. Later this system was expanded - by law - from Murad I. for his Sipahi.

The timar-holder acted as an agent of the central ottoman government in supervising the possession, transfer, and rental of lands within his territory and collecting tax revenue, in return for military service. A timar was not necessarily made up of contiguous property, but could consist of property scattered among different villages.

There was a similar system in the arab world - igta.

The last years of Mehmed II (1451-81), which is generally referred to as a "land reform" in Ottoman historiography The freeholds, the main target of the reform, were 'revenue-holdings' not land-holdings. The reform brought no fundamental change in the existing revenue holding system, let alone in the land relations, which remained entirely outside the scope of the reform. The reform was no more than a somewhat superficial "fiscal" reform, which eventually resulted in failure upon his death, revealing the vulnerability of the positions of the sultans in their struggle for power against the centrifugal forces in the Ottoman Empire.

see also: Fiefdom

stub Category:Ottoman Empire

[Bearbeiten] ÇIFT-HANE SYSTEM

WIRD BALD EIN EIGENES LEMMA

ÇIFT-HANE SYSTEM IN MEDIEVAL - cift-hane - Çifthane System - Cifthane System the most basic unit of rural Ottoman social and economic structure. The çift-hane remained a method of rural colonization. The çift-hane system: the organization of Ottoman rural society

less well-known cift-hane, 'peasant family tax unit', as the basis on which the. rural tax system rested.

Firstly, peasants in the villages of Balikesir held an average field (tarla) of approximately 3.5 hectares. The traditional cift-hane system continued to work both in ciftliks and among fields tilled by the peasants.

Secondly, `the non-peasant city dwellers' posessed more gardens (bahces) than peasants, and the estimated value per donum of those gardens was higher than that of the peasants' fields.

enclosure walls reminiscent of a ciftlik structure.

The basic unit of production was the cift-hane, the family farm that incorporated sufficient land to sustain a family with the labor of a pair of oxen

cift-hane (Ott.) unit incorporating a household and land that could be worked by a pair of oxen ciftlik

The Ottoman Landholding System One must begin with a brief explanation of the system of land tenure and rural infrastructure under the Ottomans. In the period of the first occupation (ca. 1500–1688), virtually all arable land was owned by the state (miri).

The basic unit of production was the çift-hane, the family farm that incorporated sufficient land to sustain a family with the labor of a pair of oxen.

This was held under a type of lease (tapu) from the state in return for keeping the land under cultivation and paying taxes; the peasant had the usufruct of the land and could pass it on to his children.

State revenues from arable land held in this way could be assigned to members of the military as timars; the timar-holder acted as an agent of the central government in supervising the possession, transfer, and rental of lands within his territory and collecting tax revenue, in return for military service.

A timar was not necessarily made up of contiguous property, but could consist of property scattered among different villages.

Arable land not already cultivated under the tapu system was rented out by the state. Farmlands with no permanent settled population, often cultivated by neighboring villages as reserve land, were designated as mezra’a. Once registered for a certain amount of revenue, these could be assigned as timars. Another category of land was that in which the revenue was assigned to a religious foundation, or vakf. There was also some limited freehold arable land (mülk), mainly acquired through Sultanic grants.134 While these are the basic characteristics of the classic Ottoman landholding system, the reality, particularly in outlying provinces of the empire, could vary enormously, depending on the physical environment and the nature of the socioeconomic regime at the time of conquest. In the late 16th and 17th centuries, the timar system was in some areas increasingly replaced by the development of tax farms and the creation of private estates, or çiftliks, cultivated by sharecroppers.

There was little private property under the Ottoman system.