Crane (bird)

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iCranes

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Gruiformes
Family:	Gruidae Vigors, 1825

Genera

Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes, and family Gruidae. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". While folklore often states that cranes mate for life, recent scientific research indicates that these birds do change mates over the course of their lifetimes.^[1] Some species and/or populations of cranes migrate over long distances, while some do not migrate at all. Cranes are gregarious, forming large flocks where their numbers are sufficient.

Most species of cranes are at least threatened, if not critically endangered, within their range. The plight of the Whooping Cranes of North America inspired some of the first US legislation to protect endangered species.

They are opportunistic feeders that change their diet according to the season and their own nutrient requirements. They eat a range of items from suitably sized small rodents, fish, amphibians, and insects, to grain,berries, and plants. (The cranberry is so-named from its being eaten by some northern species of crane.)

There are representatives of this group on all the continents except Antarctica and South America.

1 Myth and Lore
- 1.1 The Crane in popular culture
- 1.2 Myth and Lore links
2 Classification
3 References Cited
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Myth and Lore

The cranes' beauty and their spectacular mating dances have made them highly symbolic birds in many cultures with records dating back to ancient times. Crane mythology is widely spread and can be found in areas such as the Aegean, South Arabia, Japan and in the Native American cultures of North America. In northern Hokkaido, the women of the Ainu people, whose culture is more Siberian than Japanese, performed a crane dance that was captured in 1908 in a photograph by Arnold Genthe. In Korea, a crane dance has been performed in the courtyard of the Tongdosa Temple since the Silla Dynasty (646 CE).

In Mecca, in pre-Islamic South Arabia, the goddesses Allat, Uzza, and Manah, who were believed to be daughters of and intercessors with Allah, were called the "three exalted cranes" (gharaniq, an obscure word on which 'crane' is the usual gloss). See The Satanic Verses for the best-known story regarding these three goddesses.

The Greek for crane is Γερανος (Geranos), which gives us the Cranesbill, or hardy geranium. The crane was a bird of omen. In the tale of Ibycus and the cranes, a thief attacked Ibycus (a poet of the 6th century BCE) and left him for dead. Ibycus called to a flock of passing cranes, who followed the murderer to a theater and hovered over him until, stricken with guilt, he confessed to the crime.

Pliny the Elder wrote that cranes would appoint one of their number to stand guard while they slept. The sentry would hold a stone in its claw, so that if it fell asleep it would drop the stone and waken.

Aristotle describes the migration of cranes in The History of Animals, adding an account of their fights with Pygmies as they wintered near the source of the Nile. He describes as untruthful an account that the crane carries a touchstone inside it that can be used to test for gold when vomited up. (This second story is not altogether implausible, as cranes might ingest appropriate gizzard stones in one locality and regurgitate them in a region where such stone is otherwise scarce)

A crane is the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for the letter "B." Also, the word "pedigree" comes from the Old French phrase, "pie de grue", which means "foot of a crane", as the pedigree diagram looks similar to the branches coming out of a crane's foot.

A pair of Red-crowned Cranes in the Tokyo zoo.

Sandhill Crane

A crane is considered auspicious in Japan and Vietnam. It is one of the symbols of longevity and is often represented with other symbols of long life, such as pine, bamboo, and the tortoise. Vietnamese people consider crane and dragon to be symbols of their culture. In feudal Japan the crane was protected by the ruling classes and fed by the peasants. When the feudal system was abolished in the Meiji era of the 19th century, the protection of cranes was lost. With effort they have been brought back from the brink of extinction. Japan has named one of their satellites tsuru (crane, the bird). According to tradition, if one folds 1000 origami cranes one's wish for health will be granted. Since the death of Sadako Sasaki this applies to a wish for peace as well.

For traditional Chinese 'heavenly cranes' (tian-he) or 'blessed cranes' (xian-he) were messengers of wisdom. Legendary Taoist sages were transported between heavenly worlds on the backs of cranes.

Grey Crowned Crane

[edit] The Crane in popular culture

In Fox's TV series Prison Break, the protagonist (Michael Scofield) leaves paper folded cranes at important places in his attempt to arrange escape from prison for himself and his older brother (Lincoln Burrows). Later on in the first season it becomes clear that Lincoln used to leave paper cranes by Michael's bedside when they were kids, and that the crane supposedly stands for 'a familial obligation' and 'watching out for your own'.

[edit] Myth and Lore links

Crane mythologies. Not selective, a starting point
Crane Dance at the Tongdosa Temple (archive link, was dead)
Thousand Cranes lore.

[edit] Classification

There are 15 species of cranes:

Common Crane, Grus grus, also known as the Eurasian Crane
Sandhill Crane, Grus canadensis
Whooping Crane, Grus americana
Sarus Crane, Grus antigone
Brolga, Grus rubicunda
Siberian Crane, Grus leucogeranus
White-naped Crane, Grus vipio
Hooded Crane, Grus monacha
Black-necked Crane, Grus nigricollis
Red-crowned Crane, Grus japonensis
Blue Crane, Anthropoides paradisea
Demoiselle Crane, Anthropoides virgo
Black Crowned Crane, Balearica pavonina
Grey Crowned Crane, Balearica regulorum
Wattled Crane, Bugeranus carunculatus

[edit] References Cited

^ Hayes, M.A. 2005. Divorce and extra-pair paternity as alternative mating strategies in monogamous sandhill cranes (MS thesis). Vermilion, S.D.: University of South Dakota. 86 p. Available online at the International Crane Foundation's Library