British One Penny coin (pre-decimal)

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One Old Penny (United Kingdom)
Value:	1 Old pence sterling
Mass:	9.4 g
Diameter:	31 mm
Thickness:	mm
Edge:	Plain
Composition:	Bronze
Years of Minting:	1971–2006
Catalog Number:	-
Obverse
Design:	Queen Elizabeth II
Designer:	Mary Gillick
Design Date:	1953
Reverse
Design:	Britannia
Designer:
Design Date:

For silver pennies produced after 1820 see Maundy money.

The penny, originally a coin of 1.3 to 1.5 g pure silver, was introduced to England around the year 785 by King Offa of Mercia, in the English midlands. Coins of the same value were in circulation continuously until decimalisation in 1971, at which time a new penny was introduced worth 2.4 times the value of the old coin. Offa's original coins were similar in size and weight to the continental deniers of the period.

The name penny comes from the Old English pennige (roughly pronounced "penny-yeah", IPA [penije]), sharing the same root as the German pfennig. Its abbreviation d. comes from the Roman denarius and was used until decimalisation in 1971.

Anglo-Saxon silver pennies were the currency used to pay the Danegeld, essentially protection money paid to the Vikings so that they would go away and not ravage the land: as an illustration of how heavy a burden the Danegeld was, more Anglo-Saxon pennies of the decades around the first Millennium have been found in Denmark than in England. In the reign of Ethelred the Unready (978–1016), some 40 million pennies were paid to the Danes, while King Canute (Knut) (1016–1035) paid off his invasion army with another 20 million pennies. This adds up to about 2,800,000 troy ounces (87 tonnes) of silver, equivalent to £250,000 at the time, and worth about £10 million in today's money (however its purchasing power at that time may have exceeded £100 million and as high £1 billion of today's currency).

The penny initially weighed 20 to 22.5 grains (1.3 to 1.5 g) of pure silver. It was standardized to 1/240th of a Tower pound (approx. 350 g). The alloy was set to sterling silver of 925/1000 in 1158 under King Henry II. The weight standard was changed to the Troy pound (373.242 g) in 1528 under Henry VIII, i.e. a pennyweight became about 1.555 grams. As the purity and weight of the coin was critical, the name of the moneyer who manufactured the coin, and at which mint, often appeared on the reverse side of the coin.

At the time of the 1702 London Mint Assay by Sir Isaac Newton, the silver content of British coinage was defined to be one troy ounce of sterling silver for 62 pence. Therefore, the value of the monetary pound sterling was equivalent to only 3.87 troy ounces of sterling silver. This was the standard from 1601 to 1816.

From the time of King Offa, the penny was the only denomination of coin minted in England for 500 years, until the attempted gold coinage issue of King Henry III, and the later issues of King Edward III.

See also: British coinage

[edit] Pennies by period

• The Anglo-Saxons (c. 600–1066)
• The Early Normans and the Anarchy (1066–1154)
• The Plantagenets (1154–1485)
• The Tudors (1485–1603)
• The Stuarts and the Commonwealth (1603–1714)
• The Hanoverians (1714–1901)
• The Twentieth Century Penny (1901–1970)
• Decimal Day, 1971
• Post-decimalisation (1971–present)

Comparison between Elizabeth's and Victoria's pennies. The dark toning of the Victoria penny is normal for older circulated coins.

[edit] Reference

• Coincraft's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date, Richard Lobel, Coincraft. ISBN 0-9526228-8-2